Periodical
UBCIC News - volume 2, number 1 (April, 1979)
- Title
- UBCIC News - volume 2, number 1 (April, 1979)
- Is Part Of
- 1.06-01.03 Nesika: UBCIC News
- 1.06.-01 Newsletters and bulletins sub-series
- Date
- April 1979
- volume
- 2
- issue
- 1
- Language
- english
- Identifier
- 1.06-01.03-03.03
- pages
- 36
- Table Of Contents
-
Editorial 2
The Reserve Right to Fish 4
President's Message 5
Indian Environmental Council Fights Uranium 8
The Matsqui Fishing Cases Continue 10
NIB: National Policy on Indian Health 12
Training Indian Doctors 13
Indian Candidates in the May Election 14
Election Encounters of the Confusing Kind 15
The Aboriginal Rights Conference 16
PreparingfortheTrial 17
Candidates and Food Fishing 18
TheHumanFactor 19
Rodeo ! 20
Up-Date 22
A balance of the Good Things 23-
Little Stanley 25
The Legal Task Force 26
Sumas Band Cleans Up DIA 28
Hat Creek, the People's Film 30
Indian Consulting Group 31
Regional Assembly 31
Education 32
Forestry, a Sectoral Look 34
Pipelines, the Impact on Women 35
Resource Centre 36
Youth Editor meets Morris 37 - Contributor
- Beth Cuthand
- Pauline Douglas
- George Manuel
- LilIian Basil
- Linda Day
- Maxine Pape
- Dinah Schooner
- Clifford Hanuse
- Sylvia Woods
- Irvine Harry
- Violet Birdstone
- Julie Newman
- Millie Poplar
- Gene Joseph
- Steven Basil
- John Warren
- Barbara Kuhn .
- Type
- periodical
- Transcription (Hover to view)
-
VOLUME 2, NUMBER 1 APRIL, 1979
ee,
Se a
THE RESERVE RIGHT TO FISH:
THE LILLOOET FISHING TRIAL
EDITORIAL
It is April 20, 1979, the final day of the case of Regina
vs. Bradley Bob. Defense lawyers Louise Mandell and
Stuart Rush have just finished a brilliant legal argument
supporting Lillooet’s belief in their exclusive right to fish.
Judge Debolt has just called a 15 minute break. I can feel
the importance of the occasion and the excitement of the
Lillooet People. This is the first time that their rights have
been argued in a court of law.
Bradley Bob stands, leaning against a car outside the
Thunder Bird Hall on the Lillooet Reserve. The sun is
Shining. It’s a warm beautiful spring day. I amble up to
Bradley, tape recorded clutched in my hand...
**Hi Bradley, have you got time to talk?...
Brad: Sure, Beth, go ahead...
Beth: How has your life changed since July 17, 1978?
Brad: It’s brought me closer to the people. Before I hada
wild life. When I was younger I didn’t give a damn for the
world. I was trying to be right with society and that
environment is greedy. I wanted to be part of it.
I’ve been married for seven years. We got married after
Charlotte finished school. I went to work down here,
making good money, it’s tax free. So I pulled in about
fourteen or fifteen hundred dollars a month.
I finally realized what I was doing to my life was just
not going to get me anywhere, trying to be a success with
value of the money isn’t the same value as the fish. Fish
has been a part of my life all my life. Money hasn’t been.
One of the elders told me, Chief Sam Mitchell, he said,
“We were the richest people in the world. We didn’t have
a penny in our pocket but we were the richest people in
the world. We had everything. We had the game, fish,
land. Everything was just natural.’ But he says, ‘I have to
wait for my pension to buy my food, there’s no more out
there.’ That’s what we’re fighting for. ;
Beth: did you always know that you had a guaranteed
reserve right to fish?
Brad: Oh yeah, I’ve known ever since I was a kid. I lived
with my grandparents until I was about 14. I was always
with my grandparents. My grandfather taught me a lot,
where all our land is, he brought me up to the mountains
and down to the river. Wherever he went, I went. He
taught me what right we had, he told me ‘This is ours.’
Whenever he felt like going down to the river, he went
down. He said there was no restrictions, nothing. Before
July 17, I didn’t really understand what the Fisheries were
trying to do. Now I’ve got a better picture of what’s
happening to my people.
Beth: What do you think was the most important thing
{to come out of July 17?
| again. And before, I couldn’t care less. I was trying to
society but there’s just no way. Earning the money, the |
_ took these kids out to a floor hockey tournament and I
Brad: I think the court case has really brought a stranger
feeling to our people, that we are slowly losing our rights
and that we’re going to fight for full control of our rights
earn a living the white man’s way. After I got changed
and started learning from the chiefs, I thought, ‘Gee
what’s going to happen when we have nothing?’ We
always did live on the fish, and I started to understand
that I’ve got to take on the responsibility. It’s not only
going to affect the people in this area, it’s going to affect |
all over and our lives too. There’s a lot of people that
really depend on fish. I had to sit back and smarten up. |
Beth: It must have really strengthened your family.
Brad: Oh yeah, it brought my family closer to me. It’s
something when you’re a true blooded Indian like I am I
guess. I was brought up by my grandparents and I was
brought up with the fish and with the environment
around me. You always go back to it, like I have. I’m |
teaching my kids now, to be Indian. They dance and sing,
I think I have more fun now staying off alcohol and drugs
than I did before. Just being with my children. Where
ever they want to go they just say, ‘Daddy let’s go to
Kamloops,’ I say, ‘ok’ and we go to Kamloops. They |
want to go to McDonalds, I can bring them.
Beth: Before you didn’t have the money to do that.
Brad: Because I was drinking, I was spending it all. ’ll
tell you something that I really felt. I had this floor
hockey team, the people in Fountain they trust me
enough now to take their kids out to tournaments, so I
only had $80 in my pocket. That’s all I had. I told my
wife, ‘I wonder if we can take these kids over with the $80
I got?’ She said, ‘Oh yeah, at least try.’ So we went over
and believe it or not I came back with $5 in my pocket!
Before I used to have $200-$300 in my pocket on a
Friday night and come Sunday I’m flat broke. I just
wasted my money sitting in the bars, going out on the
streets. Then with fifteen kids plus my four kids, my
wife and her sister, going to McDonalds and all that,
having a good time, we still had $5 to spend. It really hit
me to see them so happy to go out somewhere.
I don’t think I’ll ever go back drinking as long as I can
stay off it, I’ll keep working with the kids that respect me.
Where ever I go they’re following me, they come in and
spend the night and I don’t mind. They really like it. They
look up to me. I’m not going to spoil it just by making a
fool out of myself. I’m going to keep their respect as long
as I can.
Beth: Bradley Bob, thank you very much.
/
UBCIC NEWS 2
Indians of British Columbia. |
| Signed articles and opinions are the views of
\ the individuals concerned and not necessarily
| those of the UBCIC. :
*
The UBCIC NEWS is the official voice of een)
Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs.
It is dedicated to building a strong foundation
for Indian Government by providing an awareness
of the political and social issues affecting the
Editor: Beth Cuthand Assistant Editor: Pauline Douglas
Written Contributions: George Manuel, Li ‘ian Basil, Linda Day, Maxine Pape, Dinah
Schooner, Clifford Hanuse, Sylvia Woods, Irvine Harry, Violet Birdstone, Julie Newman,
Millie Poplar, Gene Joseph, Steven Basil, John Warren and Barbara Kuhn .
er
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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OUR COVER: The Courthouse at Lillooet is too small to hold the number of people who
came to the trial of BradleyBob. The Judge agreed to move the court to Thunderbird Hall on
Lillooet Reserve. That’s Bradley walking down the steps with the big smile.
J
UBCIC NEWS 3
THE RESERVE RIGHT |
TO FISH
§ a. *
Whose fault is it that I hadn’t
sufficient food to eat this
year?—Who was the cause of
our poverty—It was not my
fault that today we are poor—
I was stopped from providing
themselves with food—When
they came to stop me they told
me if I did not obey I would be
put in jail.
Chief Paul Heena of Lillooet
addressing the McKenna-
McBride Commission in 1914
~In July of 1978 the Lillooet Band
asserted their guaranteed reserve right
to fish, in spite of a closure set by the
Federal Fisheries Department. Last
- July, the Fisheries Department decid-
ed that since the salmon count was
low on the Fraser River, a restriction
would be set prohibiting Indian food
fishing. The Lillooet Band took a
stand, exercising their exclusive right
to fish guaranteed by law. The results
of their stand were seen in an historic
court trial during the week of April
17-20, 1978. On April 17 the trial of
Bradley Bob vs. the Queen was tried
in Lillooet.
fishing incidents were: Reynold Joe,
Les Edmonds, Jim Fountain, Billy
Sampson, David Spinks, Vic Adolph
Jr., Frank Link and Clifford Kirk-
patrick. The results of these cases will
rest on the decision handed down on
the Bradley Bob case. Because of the
huge support by members of the
Lillooet, Fountain and Bridge River
Bands, as well as surrounding cities
and reserves., defense counsel Louise
Mandell and Stuart Rush requested
that the trial be moved to the
Thunderbird Hall on the Lillooet
reserve. Permission was granted, and
the Hall was set up with chairs
allowing all of the concerned mem-
bers to observe the proceedings.
The legal defense argument was
based, in part, on the exclusive right
UBCIC NEWS 4
Charged at separate
to fish granted by a Royal Commis-
sion in 1881. The Guaranteed reserve
right to fish is an argument that dates
back many years. It is not only a legal
question of a people’s right to fish; it
is a question.of people’s right to a
way of life.
TRADITIONAL FISHING IN B.C.
Fishing has been a way of life for
most Indian people on the coast and
in the interior where traditionally,
fish were plentiful. Long ago, the
time spent on the banks of the Fraser
River fishing and curing the catch was
a time of sharing and learning. In that
sense, not much has changed. What
has changed, is that now Indians are
told that they cannot go on with the
traditional ways any longer. Indians
are told that they cannot fish, and
they cannot share; they cannot learn
the old ways. Testimonies at the
Bradley Bob trial show that the belief
in our exclusive right to fish has been
passed on from generation to genera-
tion. cs
The traditional methods of fishing
have been passed on from our grand-
fathers. Young people today have the
same knowledge regarding the runs,
salting, canning and drying of fish as
people shared hundreds of years ago.
-s
: (continued page
C — | | =)
PRESIDENT’S
MESSAGE
Often I get letters from church, social or other orga-
nizations, asking what they can do to better the lives of
urban Indians.
I appreciate the need for Indian organizations,
churches, governments, and other interested groups to be
involved in the development of programs in urban areas
' to better the standards of living of Indian people. But, I
have to express to them my fundamental feelings about
where development should take place first, and what has
been happening, for years, in terms of assimilation.
When the Indian Act first came into existence
establishing Indian Reserves and Indian Band Govern-
ments in the late 1800’s in Canada, the original goal of
the Federal Govrnments was to Christianize and educate
the savages to learn the European form of social, cultural
and economic values.
It was the intention of the Government at that time that
the reserves would be used as an educational institution to
teach Indians agriculture and basic English values and the
language to assimilate the Indian people.
_ Since that time, to this day, there have been many
forms of strategy used to try and assimilate Indian people
to become little brown whitemen and it has worked in
some cases.
One formula they used was the provision of better
welfare services, better child care programs in their towns
and cities, but they made sure that they did not develop
good programs that would meet the social needs of
Indian people on reserves and they did not provide Indian
people with resources to develop their own social and
child care programs.
The other glaring example that I often think about is
that the Department of Indian Affairs once gave Indian
parents who sent their children to white schools in towns
far superior welfare assistance, and the Department of
Indian Affairs harassed Indian parents by giving them
very low Social Assistance when they insisted that their
children go to Residential schools or Indian day schools.
Once fifty per cent of the Indian children were in white
schools, they then forced the Indian day schools and the
Residential schools to shut down.
This is what I call subtly compelling the Indian people
to leave their home land, the Indian reserves, to live in
towns or cities to become assimilated into the worst side
of the European culture.
George Manuel with President Nyerere of Tanzania.
Julius Nyerere brought political power to the Tanzanian
people at the communicty level when he led his people to
independence in 1961.
Today forty per cent of the Indian population in
British Columbia lives in urban areas, leaving only sixty
percent of the entire population on Indian reserves. It
seems obvious that a similar tactic is being used to get rid
of the Indian reserve as was used to do away with the
Indian day schools and the Residential schools.
This, to me, is the most ruthless form of genocide that
is being practiced against our people. We have a deep
desire to develop our own political foundation based on
our own culture and resources, and to re-establish our
own self-determination within the reserves.
I personally believe that if resources were made
available by either the Church or the government, or
other aid institutes to Indian people in the Indian reserve
communities, the pride and dignity of the Indian people
would re-establish itself. It is this Indian legacy that will
permit the Indian to stand on his own two feet and, eye
for eye, tooth for tooth, compete with the whiteman in
his values of life.
The priority of the Union of British Columbia Indian
Chiefs is to try to persuade the Federal and Provincial
Governments to recognize the need for resources to be
directed to Indian reserves and to allow self- determin-
ation to develop at that level. |
Yours sincerelv
Sevings Moca
UBCIC NEWS 5
After the day of arrests and salmon confiscations last July, the people gathered
back at the Band hall to discuss their next steps.
(from page 4)
In the old days the time spent together
on the river banks was a time of
respect, learning, and sharing. Young
children were taught the importance
of food fishing by actually taking part
in the activities. When very small they
watched their parents, and as they
became older they were able to cut the
fish and learn more. By the time the
children were twelve years old, they
were then ready to learn how to fish.
In the evenings the people got to-
gether to share stories. They gathered
at the fishing rocks, the same place
where they fished during the day, and
educated their children. In those days
the rocks, the fishing, the traditional
way of life was the education.
RECOGNITION OF B.C. INDIAN
FISHING RIGHTS
representative for both levels of
government. It was a three man
commission with Alexander Ander-
son representing the federal govern-
ment, Archibald McKinlay represen-
ting the provincial government, and
Malcolm Sproat appointed as joint
commissioner representing both levels
of government.
The Indian Reserve Commission
was established in 1875-1876 and for
over twenty years, travelled around
the province setting apart small
fishing reserves and establishing ex-
clusive fishing areas for Indians in
B.C;
Both the federal and provincial
governments instructed their repre-
sentatives that Indian people should
be allowed to carry on their way of
life with no disturbances. In the case
of the Lillooet tribe the way of life
was fishing. The Minister of the
Interior on behalf of the Dominion
Government warned the Commissic
that, ‘‘you should be careful. . .not
disturb the Indians in the possessir---
of any villages, fishing stations. .
They should rather be encouraged
persevere in the industry or occur
tion they ar engaged in, and with tt
in view should be secured in 1
possession of the villages, fish’
stations...”’
The Indian Reserve Commission
worked in 1876-77 setting aside exclu-
sive fishing rights through fishing
stations, with the authority to do so
granted from the Minister of the
Interior.
O’REILLY AS SOLE COMMIS-
SIONER 1880-1898
In 1880, Peter O’Reilly became the
sole Indian Reserve Commissioner.
Like the Commission before him,
O’Reilly made fishing reserves and
also reserved exclusive fishing areas
to the Indians. Although the Depart-
ment of Marine and Fisheries dis-
puted the authority of the Indian
Reserve Commission to set aside
After B.C. joined Confederation in
1871, both the Dominion and the
provincial governments officially re-
cognized and confirmed Indian fish-
ing rights in this province. But neither
level of government could agree on
the size of land reserves to be set aside
for Indians. Because of this disagree-
ment it was decided that a joint
Indian Reserve Commission be crea-
ted to set aside Indian reserves in
B.C., with a provincial represen-
tative, a federal representative and a
UBCIC NEWS 6
On April 18, 1979, Judge DeBolt (centre) agreed to move the trial back to
Thunderbird Hall on Lillooet Reserve so that more people could hear the
proceedings.
»
exclusive fishing areas, O’Reilly con-
tinued to do so until his retirement in
1898.
McKENNA-McBRIDE
COMMISSION "
In 1913 a Royal Commission with
joint federal-provincial representa-
tion was established; it is often
referred to as the McKenna-McBride
Commission. The Commission was
intended to settle outstanding dif-
ferences between the federal and pro-
vincial governments relating to Indian
reserves in B.C.
While travelling through the prov-
ince, the McKenna-McBride Com-
mission was told by the Indian people
that the promises of exclusive fishing
rights by the previous Commissions
were not being kept. Continual
disregard for their fishing stations
made the Indians very concerned
about their fishing rights, and they
questioned the Commission about the
issue.
The McKenna-McBride Commis-
sion was not able to find out from law
officers of the federal government
whether they had, in fact, the
authority to grant exclusive fishing
rights to the Indian people. The
McKenna-McBride Commission then
went on to confirm the fishing
locations set aside by the previous
Commission, and continued the pol-
icy of granting exclusive rights to
fishing.
Che Lttleestie) eG
oe
pee whee LMP AA’
WME2
SAETCH OF RESERVE FOR
ciel flihese the
A. cutis of fe BY: d,
eS a oF Soba ee,
Prele
PPE”
a hte ®
BRIDCE RIVER
INDIANS
Taken from Minutes of Decision Book by P. O’Reilley, ar, a ;
In 1916, the McKenna-McBride
Commission reconfirmed the decision
of the Indian Reserve Commission of
1878-1889 to grant the Lillooet Tribe
the exclusive right to fish:
Lillooet Tribe: Minute of Deci-
sion of August 31, 1881:
**The exclusive right of salmon
about Four (4) miles; also on the
left bank of the Fraser River
from the mouth of Cayoosh
Creek downstream a distance of
three (3) miles; also on both
banks of Seton Creek down-
stream One-quarter (14) mile
from Seton Lake.”’
fishing -on both sides of the
Fraser River is reserved from the
mouth of Cayoosh Creek, up-
stream to One-half (2) mile
below Bridge River, a distance of
On July 17, 1978 Bradley Bob was
fishing in an area that in 1881, was set
aside for the Bridge River Band’s
exclusive right to fish.
During the days of the trial, the people and the court visitors had traditional salmon dishes for lunch and during the
last noon break there was drumming and dancing.
UBCIC NEWS 7
INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL COUN-
CIL FIGHTS URANIUM MINING
The Jackpile uranium mine sits away from the main
road of the reservation, but is dangerously close to
Paguate, one of the six small villages that make up the
Pueblo of Laguna. As you approach the mine, the
ugliness of it is apparent. The earth is badly desecrated;
Jackpile public relations people have promised new earth
and fake mesas to replace the earth that can never be
replaced. What is not so apparent is the danger of
uranium mining itself; the seemingly invisible effects
which will not become visible until future generations are
born onto the land.
Twenty-six years ago, Anaconda, a subsidiary of
Atlantic Richfield and a multi-billion dollar mining
company, began mining uranium in the backyard of the
Laguna Pueblo in Southeastern New Mexico. Today, the
Pueblo people are desperately dependent on the mines.
One out of every four Laguna Indians, % of the tribe’s
entire work force, are employed by the Jackpile mine. At
birth, each full blood Laguna is entitled to royalties for
the mineral that is being pulled from their home. Young
school boys look forward to the day when they too can go
to work at the mine like their fathers and brothers before
them.
In January of 1979, a group of Indians joined together
for the purpose of educating the people about the dangers
of the nuclear fuel cycle, and more specifically, of the
beginning of the cycle: uranium mining. I first came in
contact with the American Indian Evnironmental Council
last February while I was working as editor of The Red
Times, a community newspaper for the Acoma and
sees a
Laguna Pueblos. As editor of The Red Times it was my
UBCIC NEWS 8
By Linda Day
responsibility to get the news to the people, a
responsibility that became harder as I learned more about
the recent history of the area, of the mines, and what they
had done to the people.
Last fall, a magazine entitled New Times published a
short article stating that the Pueblo of Laguna had a rate
of birth defects that exceded the national average. The
article claimed that these defects were due to the tons of
uranium tailings, the radioactive waste material left over
oe the mineral mining process, that sits on the Laguna
and.
In response to the New Times article, Governor Floyd
Correa, (some Pueblos have adopted the elective system
as have bands in Canada. Governor is the equivalent of
Chief in this system) of Laguna called a press conference
where he disputed those claims and went on to assure the
people that there is mo danger from the mines, and should
any danger become apparent, the people would be
informed.
There definitely exists a certain amount of danger from
the waste itself and to the miners, especially after
twenty-six years of mining such a highly radioactive
mineral. The Governor was obviously doing a white-wash
while more royalties rolled in.
According to a recent article printed in Akwesasne
Notes, ‘“‘In 1975, 3,400 underground miners and 900
stripminers were employed by the uranium industry in the
Navajo Nation. ...Needless to say, it only takes a few
days of low-level radiation to kill a uranium miner. . .it
was learned that of the 100 Navajo miners who worked
~s the mesa mine, 18 were already dead of lung cancer and
radiation induced illnesses.”’
At a meeting with Governor Correa I found out why he
may not be too eager to disclose facts. I felt that my job
was to distribute news to the people from the local level,
regarding what work the tribal council and the Governor
were doing for them. With this in mind, I went to
interview Correa and found him very anxious o talk
about the Council of Energy and Resource Tribes. CERT
is, according to Governor Correa ‘*the most powerful
Indian organization in the United States.’’ The ‘‘power’”’
of CERT is bsaed on the exploitation of Indian people
and their land across the United States. Each of the
twenty-five tribes involved with CERT, from the Chero-
kee to the Navajo, are risking the future of unborn
generations for the sake of the almighty dollar. CERT is
an extremely ‘‘sophisticated’’ organization consisting of
attorneys, geologists, economists, etc., to assure that
CERT is in complete control of the mining process from
exploration to marketing. These people have made a
first-of-its-kind deal with big business insurance compan-
ies on Wall Street to finance future mining operations on
Indian land. CERT considers this to be ‘‘a major
victory’’ since they no longer have to rely on the federal
government financially for ‘‘future business ventures.”’
The exploitation of Indian people and thier land is not
only being done by mining corporations, but by Indian
people themselves, and with CERT, a national organiza-
tion to support them. This was something I did not
understand and could not accept. There I was in the heart
of Indian country with Indians literally colonizing their
brothers. Are these the type of people who will determine
the future of Indian people?
I prayed that there were traditional people I could meet
with. It was then I contacted Diane Ortiz, a strong
Laguna Pueblo woman who knows exactly what is
happening, and is taking an active role in informing the
people. Diane and other traditional Indians in the Albur-
querque, New Mexico area have worked hard in forming
a local American Indian Environmental Council. In
January of 1979, the Year of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, the
American Indian Environmental Council became incorp-
orated as a strong organization, actively opposing the
destruction and exploitation of Indian people by mining
corporations, and local governments who support the
mines.
With the support of national anti-nuclear groups such
as the natural Guard, the Pacific Alliance and others, the
American Indian Environmental Council has become a
strong action organization with the ultimate goal of
educating the people as to what is really happening to
them, and what can happen to future generations if we
allow the nuclear fuel cycle to continue.
Alliances have been formed with area Chicano and
Anglo people who are affected by the mines, and who are
also opposing the destruction. Local government at the
village of San Mateo has informed the residen
that their —
land is being considered for a national sacrifice area.
That would mean that all the people would be moved
away from their homes so that the corporations would be
free to move in and mine the entire area, leaving the land
uninhabitable for thousands of years.
The purpose of the American Indian Environmental
Council is to educate the people, who have in a sense been
blinded by the mines. The AIEC has been working hard
to organize a three-day moratorium. On April 28th, 29th
and 30th, spiritual leaders from Indian country as well as
people from the anti-nuclear community will join in Mt.
Taylor, New Mexico, in a national protest to oppose the
destruction and call attention to the exploitation and
dangers of the nuclear fuel cycle.
Speaking about the events leading up to the mora-
torium, Diane Ortiz said, ‘‘We had to do this because we
heard that Gulf was thinking of situating the largest
uranium shaft in the world in the side of Mt. Taylor,
which is a sacred mountain to us and sacred to the
Navajos.”’
It is important that alternatives be considered. At the
moratorium, people will be informed of alternative
energy sources. They will be educated about the
immediate and long term effects of the mines. Indian
miners who are concerned about their health will take
part by speaking about their situation in the mines.
People will be taken right to the Paguate valley where the’
Jackpile mine is located and where they can see the
desecration for themselves. What they will not see are the
future generations of Indian people who will have to deal
with the effects of the nuclear fuel cycle after we have
gone. But the awakening of the people is the first step in
the process of change.
(The May issue of UBCIC News will contain further
coverage of the AIEC uranium moratorium).
UBCIC NEWS 9
THE MATSQUI FISHING _
CASES CONTINUE
Indian food fishing on the Sumas
River had been very bad all summer.
Finally, in late September the salmon
started to run. Everybody knew that
the fish were coming up from the
river and it was a chance to get some
good fishing in. The salmon could be
canned and smoked, and used for the
winter ahead. On the weekend of
September 23, 1978 the Federal
Fisheries Department also knew that
the salmon were running. They had
special officers coming in from New
Westminster and Haney.
Surveillance was heavy with
telescope equipped officers -
staked out across the river, air-
plane equipped officers wait-
ing to be radioed, and jet boats
raring to go. Fisheriesspentno —
less than $800 a day on air sur-
veillance only. That does not
include expenses for the jet
boats and salary for ten other
fisheries officers involved in
the stakeout. During one
weekend, the Federal Fisheries ©
Department spent thousands
of dollars to harass’ a few
Indians who were food fishing
for their families.
Early in the afternoon on
September 23, Larry Ned, |
Herbert Silver and Patrick |
Silver were on their way home
from fishing. Together they
As the men prepared to leave and
go into town, the fisheries officer
staked out on the other bank of the
river, radioed ahead for other officers
to follow Ned and the Silvers.
Fisheries officers followed the men
into Abbotsford where they were
charged not marking fish caught for
Indian food fish consumption. Since
the fish were in Larry’s truck, the
charges against the Silvers were
dropped. Neither of the Silvers could
be charged with possession of the
fish.
Defence Counsel Peter Grant and
7dna Ned and her son Larry. dre they really c ine
care, and believed that he took all
reasonable steps to mark the fish. In
this case, Larry had cut the fins and
nose off of 130 fish before he lost his
knife and even if he had left the fish
on the bank, he would have faced
another charge of improperly dispos-
ing of fish under the B.C. Fishing
Regulations. When the fisheries offi-
cers stopped Larry Ned and the
Silvers, the unmarked fish were right
on top of the marked fish, so it was
-clear that Larry Ned was not attempt-
ing to hide them. Therefore, Judge
Kelly ruled in favour of Larry Ned on
the grounds that he had done every-
thing in his power to avoid
. breaking the law.
_ Referring to the outcome of
the trial, Defence counsel
_ Grant said, ‘‘To win in court is
good but you have to beyond
that. You have to decide what
MY you’re going to do to take
m fisheries on.’’ Peter Grant was
referring in part, to the 35
| pages of amendments to the
| Fisheries Regulations adopted
last July when the existing
= regulations were less than one
— year old. Many of those
/ amendments dealt with Indian
| food fishing and are part of a
_ scheme to take away our food
? fishing rights.
had caught approximately 150-160
fish from the Fraser River in their
usual spot, above the Mission Bridge.
Larry was busy clipping the nose
and dorsal fins from the fish, as he is
required to do under the Federal
Fisheries Act, before he can take the
fish home for his family. After
marking at least 130 fish this way, the
knife slipped out of Larry’s hands
and fell overboard into the water. Ten
or twenty fish were left unmarked.
Neither of the other two men had a
knife to mark the fish with, no other
knife was available, so there was no
way to mark the other fish.
UBCIC NEWS 10
Leslie Pinder provided a good sound
argument in favour of Larry Ned.
There were two courses of action that
Ned could have taken. One, he could
have left the fish on the bank, gone
home, and returned with a knife to
mark the fish. But by that time, if the
fish were still there, they would have
spoiled. If Larry had decided to leave
the fish on the bank with no intention
of returning to mark them, he would
have faced another charge under the
B.C. Fishing Regulations. It is an
offence to improperly discard fish.
There is no doubt
that the accused took all reasonable
Glancing toward the sign
outside the courtroom that
read, Criminal Court #001,
Edna Ned said, ‘‘I feel like a
criminal. ’’
The soft-spoken grand-
mother who was charged with ille-
gaily transporting fish is anything but
a criminal, Her gentle manner defies
all that the Federal Fisheries officers
were trying to prove in court on April
19: that Edna Ned is a criminal who
works hard fishing only to deal
illegally with her catch.
On Sunday September 24, 1978,
Edna Ned was fishing in the same
spot her husband had fished in for the.
past forty years. When Edna’s hus-
band died fourteen years ago, she
took the responsibility of food fishing
upon herself. On this particular day,
Edna had caught eighty fish and was
on her way to her step daughter-in-
law’s to give her some of the fish to
can for her grandchildren.
Again there was a fisheries officer
staked out across the bank of the
river. He radioed for air surveillance
of Edna when she left the river. Edna
arrived at her step daughter-in-law’s
house on Sunday evening and stayed
overnight. Evidence at the court trial
showed that a fisheries officer in an
airplane circled the house for no less
than two hours, and another officer
on the ground watched the house all
night waiting for Edna to make her
move.
The next day, Edna was going to a
friend’s home with the fish to can and
smoke. It was at this time a fisheries
officer in an unmarked car stopped
her on the road. Edna did not know
that it was her right not to make a
statement, as the officer led her to
believe that she had no other choice.
The officer inisisted that Edna give
him the key to her car. When she
refused, ‘‘they told me, if you
co-operate with us, we’ll do the best
we can. So after I gave him the key, I
had to beg for my house key because
it was with the car key.’” When asked
by defence counsel why Edna did not
want to give him the car key, the
officer replied, ‘‘I think she was
afraid Iw as going to seize it.”’
As she was being questioned later
by a different fisheries officer, it was
obvious that he was trying to get
Edna to admit that she was selling her
catch when he asked, ‘‘How much do
you get for them. Four dollars or
five?’’
Edna Ned was put through a
harassing ordeal when she was simply
providing food for herself and her
family. She had no intentions of
selling her fish, and only wanted to
share them in the Indian way. She
said, ‘‘I believe in sharing. We always
say we get something back one way or
the other.’ But because she was
taking fish from one location tof
another, she was treated like a
criminal. In this case, Edna left her
_ step daughter-in-law’s house, and on
her way to a friend’s, she unknowing-
ly crossed another boundary with the
fish in her car. In each fishing area
there is a boundary posted by the
Federal Fisheries Department. In-
dians food fishing are only allowed to
catch fish within the boundary, and
then for their own consumption. At
Edna’s fishing station there were no
signs marking where the boundary
was. .
Edna Ned took the witness stand
and testified that she did not know it
was illegal to take fish from hr fishing
‘station on to th Matsqui Reserve.
_ Further, Elder Grandma Jean Silver
testified on behalf of Edna that she
herself had been fishing for years and
does not know where the boundaries
are. Thirty people from the Sumas
Band were in court on the second day
of the court proceedings so that they
too could learn where the boundaries
are. ;
The Edna Ned case has been put
over until July 31, 1979 for legal
argument. .
SKOOKU SRV
On May 12th, 13th, and 14th, the Vancouver Indian Centre, the Mission
Indian Centre and the Pacific Association of Communication in Friendship
Indian Centres (P.A.C.I.F.1.C.) will be staging a major fund raising jog/
walkathon.
Originating at Empire Stadium in Vancouver, the participants will follow
the Lougheed Highway to Mission then swing across to Abbotsford and
then head west ending at Chilliwack. In total those involved will cover 120
kilometers.
Camping sites have been arranged en route at Maple Ridge and
Abbotsford for those who wish to camp out and all precautions have been
taken to ensure that those who wish to participate will enjoy a safe journey.
All entrants will be expected to raise pledges on a per kilometer basis.
Monies raised will be shared equally amongst the sponsoring organizations
and will be used to support the following:
1. Vancouver Indian Centre Building Fund
2. Establishment through P.A.C.I.F.I.C. of a native training,
scholarship program.
3. To support youth programs and cultural programs such as
the Annual Pow Wow in the Mission-Abbotsford area.
If you need pledge forms or posters they can be made
readily available to you if you should ask for them or you can have thein 826-1281 Mission Indian
mailed to you. Call now, we are waiting for your call.
i For further information call:
_ $22-8604 P.A.C.I.F.1L.C.
736-8944 Vancouver Indian Centre
: lice
Friendship Centre f as.
UBCIC NEWS 11
NIB: NATIONAL POLICY ON
INDIAN HEALTH
The Commission held its first
meeting in November, 1978. The
members of
The Commission held its first
meeting in November, 1978. The
members are from all the Provincial
Territorial Organizations Health
Portfolios. It has a technical role in
matters regarding Indian Health; it
does not have a mandate for political
negotiations.
The second meeting was held in
March, 1979. At this meeting a basic
health policy paper was prepared.
This was passed in principle at the
Executive Council Meeting of the
N.I.B. on April, 1979. This paper is
based on the belief that Indian rights
to health care must be resolved and
can no longer be side-stepped or
ignored by the Federal Government.
It points out the trend of the Federal
Government to gradually withdraw its
responsibility for Indian Health Care.
The paper outlines the Indian posi-
tion on rights to health care from
three different aspects: aboriginal
rights, treaty rights, federal. trust
releationship and it includes the docu-
mentation backing this up.
The basic measures required to
bring improvements in Indian health
are discussed. Its focus is on preven-
tative medical services and the long
range goal of achieving greater Indian
control in health care.
The Commission’s recommendations
are:
1. One agency concept—keeping all
Indian Health Services within the
Department of Indian Affairs.
2. Establishment of Executive Indian
Health Boards at local, regional
and national level.
3. Gradual takeover of control of
health services by Indian people, at
a rate decided by individual com-
munities.
4. An over-all approach to improve
housing, water, sewage and other
living conditions on the reserves.
5. More training and increased re-
sponsibility for community health
workers.
6. Band based nutrition and health
education programs.
7. Various initiatives to upgrade men-
tal health conditions which include
improvements in the education sys-
tem,- adoption policies, alcohol
programs and treatment facilities.
8. Means to allow Indian people to
better use the tremendous resour-
ces available in traditional Indian
healing practices.
’ . These recommendations were made
up from the work done by all the
provincial and territorial organiza-
tions, including additional research
done by the national Indian Brother-
hood staff.
The policy paper forms a basis for
a co-ordinated national postion on
Indian health. During the following
year it will undergo a progressive,
refined and increased documentation
as the health work of the N.I.B. and
Provincial/Territorial Organizations
continues through the Commission of
Inquiry.
At this meeting we hope that our
elders will be able to attend. They
have the knowledge of our traditional
ways. They can guide us, give us
strength and direction by just being
there.
If you have any questions or
require further information on the
National Commission Inquiry Policy
Paper, please do not hesitate to
contact the Union Office, Health
and Social Development Portfolio.
TRAINING INDIAN DOCTORS
When the Federal Government de-
cided to take over our health care, to
put down Indian medicine and intro-
ce their own programs instead, it
took away our responsibility for our
health. The fact that this has been in
he hands of the Public Health Nurse
for years now has led to a dependency
on the nurse, and on their system.
UBCIC NEWS 12
Responsibility for our children has
been taken over by the Education
system; community planning is done
by the DIA... All the responsibilities
for our everyday lives have been
taken away and this is a major reason
for so many problems with health and
alcohol abuse. We have become too
dependent on the whiteman’s medi-
cines and hospitals and we’re starting
to lose our own medicines. Recent
cutbacks to Indian health care made
us realize just how dependent we have
become. Never again should we be in
the position where the stroke of a
bureaucrat’s pen can affect our health
and our lives so critically.
As a first step to breaking this
false dependency, the UBCIC has
been working on a para-medic pro-
gram, that will be carried out by the
people in their own communities, a
program that will make a community
as self-sufficient as possible as far as
emergency care, treatment and preve-
ntative health care are concerned.
Derek Wilson of Kitimat is wor-
king with Bands in northeastern B.C.
to see what people want for a reserve
health worker program; how they
think it should come about, who
should be involved, how much Indian
medicine is still used, what is wanted.
from whiteman’s medicine and how
‘to combine them to our advantage.
Derek talked to us after his trip,
about what people seemed to want
and how to go about it. The first
thing that the people have made clear
is that the para-medic training should
take place in the community; the
problems of sending someone to town
are too destructive. It’s too hard on a
person used to reserve life to suddenly
become an academic student plus
learn to cope with fast-paced city-life.
Too often that person starts looking
for escape from the pressure through
alcohol and drugs.
* The person who has come to
learn how to care for the health of his
the village
community gets sick ae That
can’t be the right way.
The Health and Social Beveliuticht
Portfolio is therefore preparing to
train three Indian Doctors who will,
in turn, go to the communities and
train the people e. They will sta
their training at UBC\in the summer,
learning emergency for heart
attacks and accidents.
They’ll be also spending a
of time on preventive health care,
likethe upkeep of the reserve, the way
the sewage system affects health,
where water pump is, keeping the
livestock away from the main part of
d so on. Once they’re
o to the communities
ram and begin to
someone who’s
himself, not
trained, they’
that want this p
train someone ther
got things together
into alcohol or drugs
sincere about what he wi
of the training will be learnin
Indian medicines. ~/S
“*T knew just a little bit of our own
medicines that were taught to me by
-my grandfather to keep me from
getting sick all the time. I can use
these to help people. I don’t know
how long knowledge will take. You
know, with the old people you have to
go through a testing period, whether
you’re sincere or not. It might take
some time to get the old people there
to talk about the medicines, how they
use them. It’s taken me a long time
just to learn the little I know.”’
So at this stage, Derek is just
trying to get to know the people,
listening to find out the circumstances
of every day life in the community.
He is based on the Halfway Reserve,
and as a Haisla coming from Kitimat,
he finds he often needs the help of a
===
Beaver-speaking translator. After the
people have been pushed around and |
put down so long by the white people,
the government agents, the teachers, -
the nurses, the missionaries, they
found it difficult at first to consider a .
program that was based on their own |
culture, to be proud once again of
traditional ways. The para-medics are
convinced, though, that traditional .
Indian medicine must be central to an
Indian Health Care Program in both .
mental and physical health.
It will take time to build upa strong .
Indian para-medic and Health Care —
Program, but it has to be built up and _
determined by the people who live in —
the communities. Community ideas —
for the program will be welcomed and .
discussed at the provincial health
forum planned for May this year, by
the Health and Social Development
Program.
r
For the Education Portfolio of the Union of B.C.
EDUCATION ASSISTANT
DUTIES:
Indian Chiefs. This section of the Union co-ordinates all
aspects of Indian education in B.C. This year we are
primarily concerned with co-ordinating a provincial
education policy to present to our Annual Meeting this
fall.
We are co-ordinating provincial committees for Indian
language, cultural education, M.T.A., college programs,
social studies revision, training needs, curriculum
development, post-secondary education, band operated
schools.
Our portfolio is responsible to the Chiefs of B.C. and
works with Indian education worker We work under the
direction of our vice-president and president, and report
to Chiefs Council.
TO QUALIFY:
—you must have experience developing administrative
procedures;
—have previous experience in the area of Indian
education;
\. ability to take initiative is important.
—to communicate all Indian education activities to B.C.
Indian Chiefs and Indian Education Staff by:
¢ writing summary reports of band projects, portfolio
activites and non-Indian government programmes;
® responding to Band District Council requests for
support or information;
© representing the interests of B.C. Indian rights to
education;
¢ primary duties of the successful applicant will be
administrative support work.
SALARY:
To be negotiated and established at a level commensur-
ate with experience.
DEADLINE:
For applications: May 15, 1979
PLEASE address applications to:
Maxine Pape, Education Co-ordinator
Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs,
440 West Hastings Street,
Vancouver, B.C. V6B 1L1 he ,
UBCIC NEWS 13
INDIAN CANDIDATES
IN THEMAY ELECTIONS
With two elections coming up in
May, we can expect much hustling
and commotion and some serious
campaigning. We could let all this go
by as a non-Indian charade, to be ob-
served with amused cynicism as in the
past, a dignified ‘‘It has nothing to do
with us’’. On the other hand, Indian
leaders are coming back from visits to
members of Parliament of the Legi-
slative Assembly, with the thought
that unless we are recognized as a
voting force, those people will not
take Indian interests seriously. They
don’t have to: Indians don’t vote,
they say. By making use of these
- coming elections, Indians can make
our presence felt more strongly, can
have some negotiating force with
their M.P. or M.L.A.
Four Indian candidates will be
running in the May elections in B.C.,
one provincially and three in the
Federal elections. They are hoping to
represent both the Indians and non-
Indians in their ridings. We asked
some of them what they thought they
can do in Parliament for the Indian
people.
‘FRANK CALDER
Frank Calder, Socred M.L.A. for At-
lin riding, will be running again in the
Provincial Elections. He was first
elected to the Provincial government
back in 1949, and has been a long
time worker for Indian involvement
in politics. ‘‘Indians have the same
concerns as everyone else in the
province. If we want action from
government, then we must get out
there and fight for it. We must parti-
- cipate.’’
Indian leaders should not attempt
to direct Indian vote toward any
party; rather Indians should vote as
individuals and make their own
choice. But we have to get a good
percentage of people from our reserve
communities out to vote; govern-
ments have to look at voting patterns.
UBCIC NEWS 14
**T prefer to get in and work within
‘the government. I think this is more
effective than standing on the steps of
the legislature. We must organize
public support to get action on Indian
issues.””
ARCHIE PATRICK
Archie Patrick is the New Demo-
cratic party candidate in the federal
riding of Prince George Buckley
Valley. Until he resigned to take part
in the Federal elections, he was
UBCIC Vice-President for the Nor-
thern Region. One of the reasons he is
running for Parliament, he says, is to
change the federal bureaucratic sys-
tem in how it effects Indians. ‘‘For
years I have seen the way that the
federal government has treated our
people in a degrading, humiliating
and paternalistic manner. I would like
to become a member of Parliament
and become the employer of the
person in control of that government
system.”’
Archie says that is is vitally impor-
tant to participate in the political
system of this: ‘“Whether we like it or
not, we are part of the system. When
the federal government gave us the
band number we became a political
people; we are forced to participate. I
do not agree with my friends who
refuse to have anything to do with
elections.”’
Archie agrees that it is important to
show a large turnout from reserve
communities. With this kind of sub-
stantial turn-out, the Indian leader-
ship can then go to government and
demand that these elected people
address themselves to our concerns.
At the moment, now, the established
political parties—such as the Progres-
sive Conservatives, the Liberals and
Social Credit do not give much
consideration to the Indian people.
*‘But you must realize the political
parties look at voting patterns. They
know which areas of the province
_ have the strong voting records.”’
To regain political force, he is con-
cerned that Indians must ensure that
they are on the voters’ list. They must
ensure that all members of our com-
munities are eligible to vote. Indians
in B.C. should aim for 90 per cent
voter turnout. ‘‘If all Indians in the.
province vote in these coming elec-
tions, then the political leadership will
have some real clout in dealing with
both the federal and provincial
government.”’
Two Indian politicians are running
for the Liberal Party in B.C. We
could not get through to Len Mar-
chand of Kamloops, Cariboo, but we
talked to Don Moses, who, until he
also stepped down to take part in the
elections, was UBCIC Vice-President
of the Interior Region.
DON MOSES
Don Moses is running in the federal ~
riding of Okanagan/Similkameen.
By fighting the right to vote and in
being elected to the provincial legisla-
ture, Frank Calder broke important
new ground. Len Marchand has made
a substantial contribution towards
Indian concerns as a federal cabinet
minister.
Don has always been interested in
federal and provincial politics. ‘‘It is
unfortunate that our forefathers did
not understand the political process.
Perhaps if our forefathers had parti-
cipated in the political system to a
greater extend in the past our people
would now face fewer problems.”’
As a federal candidate, Don must
represent a broad range of concerns
of the people in his constituency.
Even though the Indian vote is a small
percentage of the electorate, he feels
that he can still work in resolution of
ELECTION
ENCOUNTERS OF
THE CONFUSING
KIND
by Irvine Harry
As soon as the date for the federal
election was called I imagined all of
the rhetoric, arguments, namecalling,
accusations, issues and promises that
will follow until Election Day. One
thing is for certain, we the general
public will be wooed, courted, and
persuaded into voting for one person
or another.
Looking at this election from the
grass roots level this election is a very
confusing one. .'.wait...there is a
provincial election as well. Holy
Smokes, that means that there will be
quite a few more candidates around
shaking your hand and kissing your
babies.
Depending on who I listen to, the
issues are as varied as the promises
that are being made. — Depending
on which party you are trying to have
an intelligent conversation with,
-
promises for a better future or a
better way may only serve to confuse
you.
The Provincial election:
(from page 14)
many Indian issues and concerns such
as Amendments to the Indian Act,
resolutions of cut-off land questions,
and Indian mineral rights.
“‘The main problems Indians face
is that the Indian leadership does not
actively encourage greater involve-
ment by our people in the political
process. Till the politicians in the
country actually believe that the
Indian vote is significant they will not
provide additional attention to these
Indian issues.’” Don recommended
that Indians around the province
must get out and attend candidates
meetings. ‘‘You should be asking all
candidates for their stands on the
issues that you think are important.
Now is an excellent time to make the
political systems work for us.”’
In the Provincial election, we have
only two major contenders.
The Social Credit party offers the
citizens of the province a huge pie in
the budget and effectively withdraws
it by calling the election. I’m suspic-
ious that this is just a ploy they’ve
used to get back in power. If elected, I
wonder how much of the budget they
will withdraw.
On the other hand, the New Demo-
cratic Party are saying that the Social
Credit are selling out the resources of
the province really cheap. They say if
elected they would rectify that.
Probably by higher taxes of big
business, and state ownership or
control.
Anyway, no matter who forms the
provincial government the situation
regarding different Indian related
issues will not change, because neither
party recognizes that Indians are
citizens in B.C. They both claim that
Indians are a federal responsibility,
yet they take all of the taxes that we
pay to the province. We pay all of the
a
taxes except land tax, which the
**great white father’’ holds in trust
for Indians. The provincial govern-
ment is also collecting money from
the federal government for ‘‘ser-
vices”? that they ‘“‘provide’’. In es-
sence, the provincial government is
collecting twice through taxes we pay
to the province and from the federal
government from taxes we pay them.
As long as we are the “‘invisible tax
payers’ in this province they really
don’t want to change a situation that
is in their favour.
All of the parties seem as bad as the
others and seem to get worse once
they are elected to govern. I cannot
see that the situation will change dras-
tically because even if there is a
change of government, we still have
the same senior bureaucrats that
administer government policy. This
should be a point to politicians
expounding drastic changes because
the bureaucrats will whip them back
into line if they get too far off past
norms.
_ My last words will be to enjoy and
remember all of these promises and
baby kissing by politicians because we
will be the ones kissing for the next
few years if the Indians don’t get out
and vote for the» candidate of their
choice.
UBCIC NEWS 15
THE ABORIGINAL RIGHTS
CONFERENCE
The Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs was invited to the
Aboriginal Rights Council Meetings scheduled for April
27th this year. I have written to each of the leaders of the
organizations sponsoring this meeting to explain why we |
cannot attend.. .
In order to avoid the same kinds of confusions and
misunderstandings that arose from our non-attendance
last time (see UBCIC News November ’78), I feel it is
necessary to publish the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs’
position and response to a second meeting.
At the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs Fifth Special
General Assembly, November 23rd and 24th, 1978. in
Vancouver, a resolution was put on the floor:
_ That the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs be represented
in the next Aboriginal Rights Council Meeting.
This resolution was overwhelmingly defeated by the
delegates to the Special Assembly. Therefore, the Union
will not be participating in the Aboriginal Rights
Conference.
The governing authority of the Bands at the local level
are discussing ‘‘Indian Government”’ as the fundamental
foundation to their Aboriginal Rights and Land Claims
goals. A draft position in this respect was endorsed in
principle by the Annual General Assembly of the Union
of B.C. Indian Chiefs on April 18th to the 21st, 1978 in
Penticton, B.C.
It is only after the member-Bands of the Union of B.C.
Indian Chiefs have identified and confirmed their Indian
Land Claims on Aboriginal Rights position, are they
prepared to examine the negotiating mechanism that they
will require to process our Aboriginal Rights Claims.
To discuss and adopt an Indian organizational
mechanism before the Land Claims or Aboriginal Rights
is identified and confirmed by the various Bands, District
Tribal Councils and Provincial Indian Alliances or orga-
nizations, is like buying a buggy and not having a horse to
pull the buggy with.
It has come to our attention that many status and
non-status Indians support the concept of expanding the
political authority of Band Councils to legally accept and
control any land claims or aboriginal rights settlements
that will be acquired from Provincial or Federal Govern-
ments. At the present time the existing Band Councils do
not have the political authority by the Indian Act or any
law to accept, contfol and administer a land settlement
by George Manuel
between the Band Councils and the Provincial and
Federal Governments.
We therefore see the existing Band Councils’ political
authority being increased so it can legally accept, control,
and administer their land claims and/or aboriginal rights
through our own Indian Governments (Band Councils) as
the Union.of B.C. Indian Chiefs’ priority. If this is not
settled first, then Indian Band Councils would be
compelled to surrender their authority to a corporation
established, controlled, and administered by any Indian
groups. The Corporation would also have to function
within the rules of the Provincial or Federal Corporate
Act. This we see as assimilating the Indians into the white
system.
This is one side of the picture. The other side of the
picture is that there are status and non-status Indians who
disagree with the Indian Act, Indian Band Council and
Indian Reserve systems that the Union of B.C. Indian
Chiefs is representing. And we are working to expand the
Indian Reserve land base as the foundation to our land
claims and/or aboriginal rights position.
We have no intention to persuade or compel any of our
people to support our Indian Government position.
There is room for two land claims positions. As a matter
of fact, I would be prepared to support such a position if
it was a clearly stated position. Providing, of course, our
Indian Government position is supported by that group
also.
There is room for two land claims goals in British
Columbia. Two land claims positions need not be inter-
preted as division among Indians in B.C. At a meeting
between the leadership of the Native Brotherhood, the
United Native Nations and the Union of B.C. Indian
Chiefs on January 25th, 1978 I clearly stated the Union of
B.C. Indian Chiefs’ ‘‘Land Claims or Aboriginal Rights ~
position. as being Indian Government’’, and I jointly
asked the other organizations to state their position. on
Indian Government.
No one from either the Native Brotherhood or the
United Native Nations would respond to the Union’s
position on Indian Government at this or later meetings. I
have to interpret their silence on ‘‘Indian Government”’
to mean that both organizations do mot support the
position of Indian Government by the Union of B.C.
Indian Chiefs.
UBCIC NEWS 16
PREPARING FOR THE TRIAL
One week following the Lillooet
arrests after the closure set by the
Federal Fisheries Department last
summer, people started discussing the.
idea of having a legal fish committee.
By the end of July a number of
charges had been made already.
Bradley Bob of Fountain had been
arrested during the Lillooet Closures
and the Lillooet Tribal Council asked
the UBCIC to defend him.
The Legal Fish Committee was
formed consisting of Louise Mandell,
Ed John, Stuart Rush, Art Pape,
John Rogers, Patty Lane and Rick
Salter. Their objectives and respon-
_ sibilities to the people were laid out.
The first act of the committee was.
to launch an injunction as directed by
the Lillooet Tribal Council on the
Bradley Bob arrest. Several people
from the Lillooet area came down to
Vancouver to assist Louise Mandell,
Stuart Rush and John Rogers in
preparation for an injunction. Louise
took it to court to see whether the
Federal Fisheries had the right to
close off the Indian Food Fishery on a
reserve, we lost.
CONTRADICTIONS OF
FISHERIES REGULATIONS
Section 29 of the Fisheries Regu-
lations states ‘‘Notwithstanding the
regulations, Indians holding permits
can fish when and where...’’ and
Section 4 of the Fisheries Regulations
states that officers have the power to
change the time and place as stated on
the permits. The contradiction is still
in court leaving it pending and is
awaiting the people of Lillooet to give
the move.
The trial date for Bradley Bob was
set for November 16th and Bradley
had definitely made the decision to
challenge the charge of fishing during
the time of closure. A meeting was
arranged with the local Lillooet
leaders to keep them informed on
what was going on and to ensure the
involvement of the community. Three
possible defenses were explained to
the people:
1. That Bradley Bob had a right to
be fishing there according to-Section
29 of the Regulations. If we won,
- however, the Federal Fisheries could
merely change the regulations.
2. The permit did not apply accor-
ding to the Federal Fisheries.
3. Where bradley had been fishing
is a fishing reserve. If successful, all
charges following would be won too.
Research was being done to see if a
protected fishing area existed. If no
documents could be found, there
would be no other argument but
Aboriginal Rights. The Regina vs.
reste sd
Another meeting was called on
October 21st for local people to assist
the UBCIC staff to prepare the.
people’s historical evidence.
At a November legal fish commit-
tee meeting a contract was made with
Barbara Lane and Rubin Ware to
_work closely with them in tracing
historical documents for the Trial.
The November 16th Trial date set
for Bradley Bob was rescheduled to
April.
On January 16th, 1979, a special
_ legal committee meeting was called.
The Crown had offered to hold all
Jack case dealing with fishing as an
Aboriginal Rights was presently on
Appeal and governments had not yet
recognized Aboriginal Rights.
The people were very clear that the
best argument for Bradley Bob case
was is the reserve lands set aside for
Indian people. They felt it would be
hard to define Aboriginal Rights
outside the reserve. And the accused
had been exercising his Reserve
Rights to exclusive food fishing.
There was a lot of discussion on the
importance of the fishing rocks, and
the importance of the old people’s
knowledge, methods of fishing, the
mapping of Indian names for all the
Fraser River area used and the closure
in 1978. People felt strongly that we
should be prepared to declare that
these are our fishing rights.
cases that rested on Bradley’s defense
until this case was decided by the
Supreme Court. If we won, they
would drop all charges, but if we lost
then they wanted our agreement to
plead guilty for everybody. This offer
was rejected. We would continue to
try and adjourn the other cases but
would make no deals.
The Bradley Bob case was schedul-
ed for trial dates April 17-20th in the
Lillooet court. Bradley Bob had been
observed by Fisheries officers fishing
with a dip net on Bridge River
Reserve; he had a food fish license; he
was fishing on a day of special.
closure. He was charged with fishing
contrary to Section 29 of theFederal
Fisheries Act.
EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS IN
ESTABLISHED FISH STATIONS
The main issue to be decided was:
UBCIC NEWS17.
Do Indian people have exclusive
Reserve Rights to Food Fish in a
fishing station as established through
the Reserv Commissioners.
The groundwork continued, resear-
ching the Land Commissions, consul-
tation with the Lillooet Tribal Coun-
cil and, through the Council, consul-
tation with the Elders.
On March 3lst, a two-day meeting
was held in Lillooet to go over the
possible defenses one more time: to
go for Reserve Rights to Fish or to go
on technicalities that would be certain
of success. Louise explained the
historical evidence that the Legal Fish
Committee had researched, the allo-
cation of reserves, of fishing stations,
the Federal Fisheries Act that con-
cerned Indian Food Fishing rights
and the Indian Act. At this meeting
the strength of the traditional system
was seen as important evidence that
this part of- the Fraser was not an
unregulated area. There was a lot of
discussion about the Indian laws on
fishing and the importance of the
elders presenting the evidence of their
Indian law.
From the first day there was a
strong indication that the people felt »
they should fight on Reserve Rights.
Once this final decision was made, the
people had to think about preparing
for the court case, in terms of getting
all the witnesses to be there, of
preparing the map, charting the
fishing patterns, the river resources
usage, and putting the documents
together.
PREPARING FOR THE TRIAL
* On Day Two of the meeting the
leaders of Lillooet Tribal Council
made the final decision to go with the
argument of Exclusive Reserve Rights
to food fish. Following the decision
the group immediately began proces-
sing prepartion for the court.
Areas of preparation covered:
—areas of evidence—what food fish
means to the people and the impor-
tance of culture in food fishing;
—traditional fishing—the different
methods of fishing spots and the
territorial usage;
—the regulations of rules of the
Bridge River and Fountain Bands
UBCIC NEWS 18
[CANDIDATES AND _
FOOD FISHING
The rights and livelihood of Indian
people in B.C., are being threatened
by the Liberal Government’s policies
and actions.
The recent experience of Indian
people who rely on fish for food has
been that the government is extin-
guishing their sole means of survival.
If all Indians in B.C. cast their vote
in the Federal Elections on May 22nd,
we could become a more powerful
negotiating force. With this in mind,
the Fishing Portfolio wrote to all the
Candidates who are running in the
Federal and Provincial elections to
let them know about Indian food
fishing and the Failure of the Liberal
Government to protect these rights;
—the people’s understanding of |
fishing rights; .
—final preparation of all the docu-
ments in historical facts, letters and
transcripts;
—organizing the Indian people;
—evidence to be presented by fisher-
men, women, old people and Indian
leaders: Saul Terry, Vic Adolph,
Mike Leach and George Manuel, as
well as the expert witness.
As well as the argument, there was
discussion in preparing the Judge
because he does not know much
about Indians and our political
structures.
Final decisions were made on how
the case would be brought forward.
Final decision was on the importance
of having the elders directly involved
throughout the Trial and that they are
the major strength. A special meeting
was called for the Tribal Council to
meet with the Council of Elders and
UBCIC legal staff.
The indian people were successful
in presenting their argument very
impressively. All the preparatory
work done by the legal committee, the
researchers, the local leaders, the
elders, the defendants, and the local
people showed the importance that
full involvement was to the Trial.
HARASSMENT.
to let them know how the Federal
Fisheries have mismanaged the fisher-
ies.
Rising food costs and in-
creases in the cost of living, coupled
with unemployment rates, are forcing
more and more Indian people to rely
on their basic diet of fish. Yet the
practices of the Liberal Government
are aimed at preventing them from
doing that, and the price of fish on
the commercail market is out of reach
of our people.
And we have asked the candidates:
What is the federal government’s
alternative?
What are your priorities for the
Department of Fisheries?
What are you prepared to do to.
enforce those priorities?
The Union of B.C. Indian Chief’s
position is that we have the right to
food fish and to manage our own
fishing. The Federal Government
should respect those rights and as-
sume responsibility for protecting
Indian food fishing rights.
Since last summer UBCIC lawyers
have been involved in defending more
than 20 Indian people who were
charged with violating Fishing Regu-
lations: to date we have won every
case.
Indian people have been unreason-
ably blamed for salmon wastage and
depletion, despite the fact that less
than 2 percent of the salmon catch
goes to Indian food fishing.
NEGLIGENCE
We maintain that the Devatieat
of Fisheries has failed to support food
fishing.
It’s time now that all parties lay
their cards on the table and clearly
state what their position is in terms of
Indian people having the right to food
fish.
Now it is up to the voters to make
sure the candidates in their area make
their stand on this issue and to vote
accordingly.
Mel Tenasket, Colville, George Manuel and Jim Wright, Yakima, took part in the human and environmental workshops
held at the Economic Conference in Seattle last month.
On March 28th to the 31st, 1979,
the Emerging International Economic
Order sponsored a Conference in
Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. As indi-
cated by the E.I.E.O. Workshop
which was held in Vancouver in Feb.
1979, the participants agreed that:
Our concern is to raise the question
with the E.I.E.O. as to what ways
economic goals, if achieved, will
enhance the more positive human
factors and build a more human
world.’’
ABORIGINAL PEOPLE FIGHT-
ING FOR A MORE HUMAN
WORLD
The Conference in Seattle had 41
participating organizations: The
World Council of Indigenous People
was one. Is it necessary to say over
and over again that the global
struggle with man is always the Indig-
enous people? The Aboriginal People
are usually forced into assimilation
and in most cases denied any rights at
all. Some are murdered when they try
to organize in order to demand their
rights. And so who will build a more
human world for the Indigenous
People?
THE HUMAN FACTOR
THE CHALLENGE OF THE
FOURTH WORLD NATIONS
TRADE AND COMMERCE FAC
TORS DOMINATE CONFERENCE
The Conference was not really
geard to world-wide concerns of the
Aboriginal People...the overtone
appeared to be the usual academic’
and technical side of world-wide
concerns in regards to Trade &
Commodities, Transnational Corpo-
rrations and the Transfer of Techno-
logy, Finance & Development, World
Food Supply, Energy and Industriali-
zation, Human Factor, International
Security and Environment.
The Indian representatives took
part in two workshops: The Human
Factor Workshop and the Environ-
ment Workshop. George Manuel,
President of the World Council of
Indigenous People, was a panelist in
the Human Factor Workshop, and
Russell Jim, Councilman with the
Yakima Nation, was a Panelist with
the Environment Workshop.
A paper prepared by George Manel
reminded all nations that
The W.C.I.P. is, in international
terms, ‘‘The United Nations of the
Fourth World.”’
Our challenge comes from a coalition
of less developed and developing
nations
The Indizenous People are the right-
ful owners of their land, whether they
hold formal title deeds issued by
colonists or not
The struggle for Human Rights must
persist
George Manuel declared that:
“‘The struggle of the Indigenous
People of the Fourth World is for
co-existence based on the equal distri-
bution of wealth acquired from
energy and resources. This must be
recognized and supported as part of
the mandate that must come out of
this conference and forwarded to all
International and other World Orga-
nizations for co-operation and sup-
port.”’
UBCIC NEWS 19
Ties
UBCIC NEWS 20
Photog:
Patrick Hs
Alkali Lak
The lure of competing against a
horse, a bull, or the clock attracts
many people; and the Spring weather
heats their blood for another rodeo
season.
Those who have nursed dreams
over the winter of riding that high-
kicking horse or twirling bull to the
pay window, are beginning to practice
for these rigorous events. Calf and
team ropers swing their ropes at a
bale of hay, a saw horse, or anything
foolish enough to stand long enough
for heading or heeling practice. Barrel
racers are putting their horses ~
through their paces, just hoping that ©
the horse remembers the tight turns =
and speedy finishes. :
With the rodeo season starting
soon, spectators will see some great |
rides, not-so-great rides, fast and
Sis slow times and probably a few
bmg TE: = * . . r
.- -® injuries. But it’s all part of the fastest :
growing sport in North America.
These action shots prove it. Wild and
wooly action will be taking place on
any summer weekend, anywhere from
Fort St. John to Grassmere and most
towns in between.
iphs by
tenburger
, B.C.
UBCIC NEWS 21
UP-DATE—
TAXATION
CORRECTION: There’s no amendment to the Taxation
Act; there was simply a new decision in the Federal Court
Trial Division. The effects of the decision are quoted in
last months’ Update. If a company is located on a
reserve, and an Indian person is working for that
company, even though some of the work is actually done
off the reserve, that person is still tax exempt. This is not
an amendment to any Act, it is just an extension of the
logic of other cases.
KWICKSUKTAINEUK
Chief Peter Smith of the Kwicksuktaineuk Band went to
court April 27 to serve an injunction against B.C. Forest
Products putting in a new land fill on the reserve boundary
without permission from the Band who are the upland
owners of that land.
CHIEFS DELEGATION ENGLAND .
A report on Our Native Land, Saturday March 24,
quoting Joe Dion of the Indian Association of Alberta
saying that the proposed trip to England has been
cancelled because of costs is not correct. Arrangements
are now complete for the thirteen B.C. delegates taking
part in the trip to England. Approximately three hundred
people from across Canada, under the overall co-
ordination of NIB, hope to be meeting with the British
officials regarding the proposed patriation of the
Canadian Constitution.
There is no confirmation as of yet regarding meetings,
but representatives from NIB are in England now setting
things up.
There is still time to make further reservations—please
contact the UBCIC office if you wish to join the
delegation.
THE URANIUM HEARINGS
Late in March the UBCIC contacted all Bands located
close to known uranium deposits to inform them of the
up-coming Royal Commission of Inquiry into Uranium
Mining in B.C., which will begin community hearings in
June. Since then we have been busy gathering material on
the dangers of uranium exploration, mining and milling.
The material compiled at the UBCIC central office will
be made available to concerned Indian communities. We
have already received a request from the Okanagan Band
to conduct a workshop to explain the problems caused by
uranium mining. Other Bands are encouraged to contact
the UBCIC for information and assistance.
ST. REGIS PROTEST AGAINST
HEALTH CUTBACKS
When National Health and Welfare imposed the cut-
backs to Indian health services, the St.. Regis Band
Council set up a toll-gate on the Indian land where
motorists cross from the United States into Ontario.
Motorists were asked to contribute towards a health fund
for Indians who would no longer receive health benefits.
The thirty-one St. Regis Mohawks charged for obstruc-
tion by putting up this toll gate appeared in court at the
end of March: all the cases have been put back to June
12th. Chief Lawrence Francis and two other Band
members still face conspiracy charges in this case and
their first hearing is set for May 20.
UBCIC NEWS 22
SPOTTED LAKE
On March 22nd, the Okanagan Tribal Council lodged a
Caveat with the Land Registry Office which would stop
any sale or transaction of Spotted Lake, a lake held in
reverence as a medicinal and spiritual lake. The Council is
trying to retain the caretakership of the Lake and to block
an application for rezoning to turn the lake into a tourist
development.
The Caveat was accepted, giving the Council 60 days
more to fight for caretakership and to find means to
compensate the present non-Indian owner for his interest.
At the Regional and District Council meeting called to
discuss the rezoning application on the same day,
attended by Indians from all over B.C. and Washington
State, the subject was hastily set aside until their next
monthly meeting in April. (See UBCIC News March
issue).
Just before this April meeting, the Tribal Council
warned the Regional and District that by discussing the
rezoning application of an area covered by a Caveat they
could be taken to court for breach of trust. The Tribal
Council also issued a reminder that the Public Hearings,
started in January, were not concluded: a number of
people were not given an opportunity to give evidence
and a Public Hearing cannot be closed until everyone
who wants to has had their say.
The Tribal Council was successful on both counts. The
Rezoning decision has been postponed and the Rezoning
Public Hearings will re-open on May 19th. The
Okanagan Tribal Council requests the support of all
those who can, to attent the Hearings, to help them in
their battle to preserve the lake in its natural state.
I’m not sure how many people watched a national
television documentary about Indian drinking. It:
dominated an hour news program and very little time was
given to the positive actions taken toward alcoholism.
Needless to say it really hurt: but then it is a prime
example of how the media can manipulate a story on
Indian problems, always taking the worst without a
balance of the positive things. It has been a strong desire
to do this profile and the opportunity to do so came
through friends , thus making it possible to attend a
Nichee Drug and Alcohol Abuse Counselling Workshop
held earlier this month at the Biltmore Hotel.
The Neechee program was started in Alberta by Indian
alcoholics to offer treatment and counselling based on
Indian beliefs.
In Cree, Nee-Chee means friend. This name also
represents a Drug and Alcohol treatment centre founded
in 1973 in Alberta by a man who was extremely concerned
with what he saw around him and decided that something
must be done about it. The foundation is well known and
their staff are important resource people who help train
Drug and Alcohol Abuse Counsellors. Very recently they
had a workshop in Vancouver. I was fortunate indeed to
be accorded the privilege and honor of attending a session
and wish to thank all of the people who made it possible
to share this experience with you.
I remember that day so well—the feelings that were
churned up and growing tighter with each step that I took
toward it, apprehension increased as last minute doubts
flashed through my mind—should I go through with this?
Can it be done? Never mind, can I do it? Everyone will
understand if this assignment falls through: a very quick
and earnest prayer for strength.
By Dinah Schooner
As I walked to the hall where the workshop was held, I
observed a group of people who were boisterous, jovial
and hearty, were definitely enjoying a fellowship and ina
very positive sense that really impressed me. Once
indoors, things simmered down as people sat down to
make one large circle which they asked me to join.
Introductions were made by each person, identifying who
and where each had come from and their occupation. I
was quickly briefed on what had been happening in the
previous days and that they would soon be breaking up
into the same four groups they had before. It was about
this time someone suggested that a good wake-up exercise
was needed and everyone was in total agreement and
preparations for the exercise began.They cleared every-
thing that was breakable and it looked more like they were
preparing for a military drill and obstacle course.
Each group had their own topic to work on, the
alcoholic; the spouse; the elders (grandparents); and
children of alcoholic homes. I circulated from group to
group listening to everyone so earnestly discussing and
baring all very personal things about themselves, sharing
with one another and at the same time deriving comfort
in doing so. It was somewhere along here that I began to
see myself, and felt very strange being the topic of
conversation and even participated by sharing my exper-
ience of times I struggled to gain control over drinking, I
too, am an alcoholic. It is a bitter pill for me to swallow
or accept, but I have temporary control through Indian
awareness, and am working toward a permanent one in
future.
As the afternoon came to a close, I looked around once
more, this time with a feeling of exhiliration and confi-
dence, with the knowledge that there are people who are
People are out there prepared to extend a helping hand
and understanding to people who seek it.
UBCIC NEWS 23
' Out there prepared to extend a helping hand and
understanding to people who seek it. Very comforting
indeed. ;
I was most impressed with their openess ‘sid honesty in
dealing with extremely sensitive and personal issues and
experiences, for instance sensing the raw emotion one has
when the spouse comes home drunk and the feelings are
either—kill!, or disgust, or despair, and yet at the same
‘time, love. Love. It was written on all their faces. They
were now beginning to realize and understand many
" things through this process of sharing; strategies to help
- the co-alcoholic (non-drinking spouse or partner) and
families. They had some very positive ideas and listed
_ many. The most important observation I made about co-
alcoholics that have been recovered alcoholics is that they
are very often viewed as very strong so that most of one’s
Support and sympathy are directed toward the alcoholic.
_ Ce-alcoholics also need the same emotional support. I
_ was also impressed with the closeness, love and fellow-
ship of the group and convinced that we have the answer
and solution to our problem through their team work and
that they (counsellors) should have every bit of
encouragement and spiritual support through your
-- prayers and interest every step of the way.
[have interviewed a couple and a young mother who
‘have found other ways and means of effectively changing
their lives.
Many other people have found other ways of
f; _ WRITER’S WORKSHOP a
: We are happy to announce that
plans have now been finalized for the
- |. ©. 2nd Annual Writer’s Workshop with
E Maria Campbell, author of the well |
known book Half-Breed and numier-
ous short stories, radio and television
scripts.
_. The workshop will be held on June
3rd, 4th, Sth, 1979 in the Boardroom
of the Union of British Columbia
Indian Chiefs—440 W. Hastings,
Vancouver.
We are now accepting applications
to the workshop and regret. that we
have to limit the enrolment to
twenty-five people. We cannot reim-
burse expenses to attend the work-
shop but we can make arrangements
for a place to stay. Because of the
tremendous response to last year’s
workshop we are expecting the same
this year so apply early and send your
this year so apply early and send in
your name, address, phone number
and Band, to Communications,
\__UBCIC. _ | “J
UBCIC NEWS 24
effectively changing their way of life, through Indian
Spiritual awareness, drumming and dancing, group
therapy meetings, A.A., and personal salvation. Take
Mr. and Mrs. Louis Nelson Sr., a couple living in Port
Alice, B.C. He is an evangelist and pastor from the
Quatsino Band in the Pentacostal ministry for the last
twenty-eight years. After nearly perishing in a gale storm
he cried to the Lord to save his soul and from then he has
dedicated his whole life to do the Lord’s bidding and he
has since been also delivered from drinking and smoking.
Louis and his wife Minnie formerly of the Bella Coola
Band have stood together all these years, inspiring many
people to the gospel, and provided a leadership in the
Church of communities such as Bella Bella, Bella Coola,
N. Vancouver Island.
Elly is a young mother of a little girl who, like many
young people, has spent a great deal of time just
_wandering around, searching for answers, experimenting
in drugs, drinking recklessly, not caring too much about
her daughter or the future. She soon became more
involved in'the Indian ways, listening to elders, going to
Pow-Wows. Drumming and dancing ever so gradually
made its hold and soon started a positive turn, and soon
the need for the former life lessened as the confidence
within her grew. Her pride, dignity were returned and.
providing a home for her daughter became important.
We have many politicians today who are also spiritual
leaders, gain their strength through spiritual means
because of the demands and stress created by their
position and the need to provide a good and iki
leader.
Take heart, my friends, that out of something that
seemed without hope or so black, there shines a little ray
of light that will eventually grow until it brightens the
whole world.
Peace.
WRITERS/REPORTERS
The Communications Portfolio is looking for two
writers/reporters to work on the UBCIC News.
Applicants should have:
.some wring experience or writing ability; -
.have a genuine interest in and knowledge of B.C.
‘issues and concerns;
. be willing and able to work odd hours and travel in the
Province.
Duties will include reporting, research, writing for and
the production of the newsmagazine, bulletins, Special
Magazines, Special Reports and information posters. |
SALARY: Negotiable
Please forward written work history, schooling and
previous experience to:
Beth Cuthand ; :
Communications Co-ordinator
eae af Si”
LITTLE
_ STANLEY
by Violet Birdstone
They called him ‘Little Stanley’ for obvious reasons: he
stood only 5’2’’ tall in his moccasins. Life wasn’t too
good to him. He once had a wonderful wife and eight
beautiful children, but every one of them had passed
away from disease, probably T.B., pneumonia, chicken
pox, measles—all the new diseases they didn’t know too
much about.
I first came to know him when I was five. My family
was chosen to look after him. In those days, one’s family
decided who would care for the elders.
All five of us moved in with ‘‘Little Stanley’’, father,
mother, and three girls. He accepted us without a word.
My father knocked on his front door, he opened it,
smiled and let us in. After a few jokes, laughter and tea,
we packed our belongings into his two-storey, two-room
shack.
He became the only grandfather we knew. We followed
him everywhere; we watched him lassoo his horses, feed
his chickens and milk his one cow. Only occasionally, it
seemed, he would allow us to horseback ride, walking us
round and round the corral.
His dog Stranger was never far away from his side,
always alert to his moves. Once a month he would saddle
his horse, with Stranger jumping and barking excitedly —
around him. This was the day he would be riding into
town to pick up his pension cheque. We would all be
watching as he rode down the road dressed in his best: a
wide brimmed hat tied under his chin, two short grey
skinny braids tied with buckskin, a grey sports jacket,
blue levi shirt, a pair of wool pants, and moccassins on.
his feet. With his knapsack tied securely to his saddle he
would ride off, with Stranger running close to the horse’s
heels.
They always returned around six o’clock the same day,
after spending some time with his friends in town, whom .
he smoked, chatted and drank tea with. Little Stanley
never touched a drop of liquor; he never thought of
liquor since it wasn’t his Kootenay culture at all. Only
some of the young folk who were going astray and
starting to follow the white man’s ways were starting to
drink that liquor.
He and his friend Umloo (Ambrose) would visit and
reminisce, and sometimes discuss this new generation
over their pipes and tea. They always agreed the old ways
were still the best and that they would never change.
Umloo was a little older than Little Stanley, his hair was
greyer and his eyesight was getting worse, but his horse
» was a good horse who knew the trails well, so he wasn’t
afraid of visiting old friends. Maybe the young folk
would some day see that the old ways were still the richest.
and begin to respect the holy spirit again.
Puppa (as we knew him) died at the golden age of
eighty-six, and proud old Kootenay man, maybe one of
the last of his kind.
UBCIC NEWS 25
{THE LEGAL TASK FORCE
Many people have asked who is working at the UBCIC
office and what they do. In the January issue we
published a list; people have continued to write or come
saying they want to know more about each Portfolio, and
who does what. We are responsible to the Indian people
in B.C. and you are certainly entitled to know what is
happening here, in the central office. So, we will give a
profile of one Portfolio in each issue. This issue deals
mainly with battles in the law courts, and how much the
courts can or cannot help us reclaim our Aboriginal
Rights. So, we thought it would be fitting to start with the
Legal Task Force. The co-ordinator is Mary Lou
Andrew of Seabird Island, Louise Mandell and Leslie
Pinder are the lawyers, and Carolyn John from Lillooet is
the legal secretary. She makes sure they are in the right
places at the right time, with the right papers. Marlene
Squakin of Kamloops is working with them for a few
weeks, Jim Harper is on contract as researcher for
the Portfolio.
Specific Claims
A major problem for Mary Lou is dollars. The
Treasury Board has funds for ‘‘Specific Claims
Research’’ which it makes available through the DIA to
Indian organizations across the country. These funds are
not made available to individual Bands, according to the
Treasury Board Minute, and there are several more
strings attached: they are only to be used to research
unfulfilled agreements, cut-off lands, ungiven rights,
wrongful alienation and _ illegal surrenders of land for
roads and rights of ways. |
The funds can be used to research the Claims only, not to
pursue any legal action through the courts.
So far, 55 bands have sent BCR’s to the Legal Task
Force, asking them to take on these kinds of cases and get
all the information together, let the band know where it
stands legally, and list all the options open to the band.
All Indian organizations across the country are pushing
the DIA Policy, Research and Evaluation Department to
get separate funds for negotiations, plus another budget
for third party litigation (taking the case to court).
‘*At the moment, we have to apply for a loan against
the settlement to carry us through until we win the case,”’
Mary Lou says, ‘‘but we feel that negotiating and
litigation funding is a specific and legitimate claim. The
Indians didn’t make these agreements, the Department
did—the Department was at fault and it should foot the
bill.”’
UBCIC NEWS 26
The DIA is still trying to push the office of Native
Claims for these kinds of cases. However, Mary Lou
points to their track record which is not so hot. The
National Indian Brotherhood is fighting against its
continuing existence, as a conflict of interest. How can
you expect the DIA to fairly and properly investigate and
take action against the DIA? Not surprisingly, there are
not too many cases resolved successfully for Indians.
Legal Education
The Task Force is trying to get funds to start a
para-legal Training Program, but it looks as if this might
take another year yet. Where possible, they will give short
Legal Workshops if requested. At the moment, though,
they are having such a hard time just keeping up with all
that has to be done, that they aren’t able to concentrate
much on Legal Education, except when they are working
with a band on a case. Then, all of them agree, they find
it really important that the Council understands every-
thing that has happened, is happening, or could happen
in a case. The decisions are made by the Band and the
directions come from the Band.
One way of decentralizing legal expertise is to develop it
at Band level. The Lytton Band contacted the UBCIC
about the sale of some Crown Land in the midst of their .
reserve. The Band will be selecting a Band member to
come to Vancouver to research all the background
information they need. The Task Force researcher will
train that person on how to gather the necessary
information, where to find it and how to put it together in
a useful form for the Band needs.
Indian Rights
If Indian people are deprived of their rights, provin-
cially or nationally, the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs has
a mandate from the people to take on this case. There are
no dollars for this, but it is considered an absolute
priority. It takes a BCR from the band giving the Task
Force the authority to get the background material, do an
analysis and report back to the band on the political,and
legal options available. It is up to the band then, to decide
what action to take, and to direct the Task Force -
accordingly.
Chief Joe Apsassin and members
of the Blueberry River Band left for
‘home. in a triumphant mood two
weeks ago. After one year of negotia-
tions they had increased a gas
company agreement by as much as
sixteen times the amount initially
CHILLIWACK
Who controls Chilliwack Mountain?
Is it Chilliwack Indian Bands, who
use the mountain as a hunting ground
and for safety when the Fraser River
floods? They say they own the
mountain.
Or is it the Chilliwack Township
Council, who support a_ housing
subdivision planned for the mountain
by private developers?
Behind this question lies the pro-
cess—the hundred years of struggle
over the land settlement.
Chilliwack was one of the earliest
farming areas in B.C. Today it’s an
established agricultural centre.
But the Bands that surround it have
been pushed aside.
The reserves that they have today.
are tiny compared to what they used
to have. And as settlement spread, the
grievances grew between the Bands
and the Township.
The Chief’s reply was clear—
history cannot be ignored. They’ve
told the Mayor of their concerns for
the mountain development. They’ve
asked that the Council stop the
process until their concerns are
resolved. ;
But the Township continues its
moves to get the subdivision under--
way. It’s as if the Bands were never
heard.
Now four of them have united to
draw the line. The Squiala, Atchelitz,
Skway and Kwak-Kwak-a-pilt Bands
have together asked the UBCIC for
legal support to win their fight.
They want the development stop-
ped until Indian ownership of the
mountain can be clarified.
The Township has yet to agree, and
so the battle continues.
oe : a a
accepted by the DIA on the Band’s
behalf. The DIA was dealing with the
SKY gas company on an invalid’
‘B.C.R. There was no mention of a
lease, just a permit to explore for oil
and gas and occupy a well-site. The
agreement was invalid under the
Indian Act. The DIA was prepared to
sell Band gas reserves for only the
cost of a surface lease. There was no
SQUAMISH
On April 2nd, the UBCIC Task
Force was asked to defend Allen
Louis, of the Squamish Reserve. The
case was won on a technicality. It was
| shown that the Fisheries officers’
charges didn’t make any sense and the
judge threw the case out of court.
The evidence would have been
interesting. It appears that Allen
Louis had set his net, quite in keeping
with regulations set up by the Squa-
mish Band By-law passed last year by
the Band Council. He then went
down to finish carving his canoe on
| the side of the bank of the river
further down stream. The Fisheries
officers came up to him and asked
him whether or not that was his net
down the river, about a quarter of a
mile away. And he said, yeah, it was
his net. The Fisheries officer then
took Allen and his son over to the net,
and the Fisheries officer pulled the
net and found five fish in it.
Fishing occurs when the net is
pulled from the water. In this case, it
was the Fisheries officers who fished
out of season, not Mr. Louis.
AND SOME OF THE CASES
BLUEBERRY BAND
es
~ mention of an easement to allow a pipe
so that the company could get the gas
off the reserve. The Company had to
renegotiate, this time directly with the
Band, who were supported by the
UBCIC Task Force. Members of the
Task Force say they are finding a
shocking number of ‘‘agreements’’
based on invalid B.C.R.’s that take
no account of terms laid down by the
Indian Act, that are made through the
DIA with little consultation with the
Bands and certainly not always in the
Band’s best interests. _
Chief Joe Apsassin is now negotia-
ting with another company, Woods
Petroleum, who have also been
operating illegally on the reserve for
the past few years. This company, in
1970, got a permit to explore for oil
and gas.
The company kept on exploring and
found gas; in 1973 they put in a
pipeline and started taking gas off the
reserve, with no new agreement. The
company just paid a token amount,
based on the exploration permit, to
the DIA to be put into the Band
funds. The DIA has allowed this to
continue for seven years.
Now the Band has taken matters
into their own hands. They have told
the company it is trespassing, and
that it’s about time to sit down and
talk.
It’s such a common story. Where
the contract is made with an agent
who does not live on the reserve, who
has no interest in the Band, the Bands
are finding their best interests are not
being served by their agents,
UBCIC NEWS 27
SUMASBAND |
CLEANS UP DIA
At one point it looked as though
everybody would be suing everybody
else. There are about five different
interests involved and _ everything
seems a giant muddle. The UBCIC
Legal Task Force has been working
with the Sumas Band for the past six
months, to help clear up a confusion
of non-existent permits, ambiguos
leases and illegal sub-leases_ that
the DIA seemed to have allowed to
collect, concerning the bands clay
deposits and use of Band land. In
November 1978, the Band was consid-
ering taking over the operation of one
of the companies which was on the
reserve and wanted to know their
legal position was. They got out the
DIA files with background on the use
of the clay deposits by other compan-
ies and discovered this giant mess.
The Sumas Band is near Chilliwack
and they’ve got a lot of clay on the
reserve. One company negotiated an
agreement with the DIA in 1949; no
lease had been signed, merely an
annual permit allowing the company
to take clay from the reserve and
manufacture clay products. Accord-
ing to the permit, no _ sub-lease
UBCIC NEWS 28
photo: Sumas Band
would be allowed without permission
from the Minister of Indian Affairs.
But in 1968, the company split into
parts, and one of the parts was
Claybourn, the other was Flex-Lox a
new permit was entered into in 1970
pusg seuing :ojoqd
with Flex-Lox despite the fact that
Flex-Lox couldn’t sub-lease any of its
reserve, Claybourn continued to oc-
cupy its reserve to make bricks.
Claybourn brought in clay from off
reserve. The companies shared each
others’ clay and equipment.
The third company using the
reserve’s clay was Mutual Materials.
This company had been taking out
clay since 1957. There was a term in
the old agreement that the contract
price would be re-negotiated every 5
years. There hadn’t been any agree-
ment on the renewal of the contract
price from 1973 until 1977. The
company continued to make payment
on the amount of clay that was being
removed only. In the DIA files every
once in awhile, there would be little
envelopes with bunches of pieces of
paper in it, supposedly verifying how
much clay the company had actually
taken. But you couldn’t understand
very much from these little slips.
Somebody could have been sitting in
a back room and every now and
again, filling out littlke IOU’s. Whet-
her the company has any right to be
on the reserve now is_ uncertain
because the old agreement expired in
April 1979.
Sumas Band members have been
Sumas Band members have been involved in the clay business for a long
time, now they’re thinking of owning their own company.
working in the clay business for a §
long time. Flex-Lox provided about
30 or 40 jobs for the band, so when
this company said that they were
going to close down the clay pipe
business, this meant a lot of people
would be out of work. So the band
considered the possibilities of taking
over. Feasibility studies were started
and carried out. The band decided to
take matters into their own hands,
check out the history of the past clay
use, find out what the band was
getting out of this, check up on the
legal standing of all the users and
negotiated for their own best interest.
In February, the band took action,
they gave one company notice that its
agreement was terminated. The Band
alleged the company breached its
permit by illegally entering into a
sub-lease with no consultation with or
compensation to the band. They gave
another company notice that they
lee Were trespassing on the reserve and
' that they would be seeking damages.
| They gave the third company notice
that they had no valid permit or lease
and re-negotiations were in order.
' The sky fell once these letters were
delivered. These companies had been
dealing with the DIA and things had
been moving in a sloppy fashion. The
phones started ringing off the walls.
The letters had a dramatic affect. |
In February, the Band arranged the ~
first of a series of negotiating
meetings with the DIA and Depart-
ment of Justice and the separate clay
companies. The Department has end-
ed up supporting the Band in its new
negotiations and possible new ven-
tures. By taking matters into their
own hands, it looks as if the Band will
have some more reasonable agree-
ments with user companies. The
Sumas Band hopes to start its own
photo: Sumas Band clay business soon.
ASSISTANT CO-ORDINATOR
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Applications are invited for an individual to work in the
Socio-Economic Portfolio of the UBCIC out of
Vancouver.
The Assistant Coordinator will carry out a wide range
of duties in this field such as:
e development of programming in forestry, arts &
‘crafts;
® organization of a band accounting system
e evaluation of governmental policies and funding
levels;
¢ development and implementation of band training in
this field;
® assistance to specific individuals and bands with their
economic projects.
Applicants should have financial/accounting training.
Experience with community-level economic development
activities is important. An ability to deal effectively with
government bureaucracies would be a real asset.
Extensive travel required. Also applicants must have
the personal flexibility to work effectively with a broad
range of projects and problem areas.
SALARY RANGE: $14-16,000
CLSOING DATE: 24 May, 1979
SEND APPLICATIONS TO:
Socio-Economic Portfolio,
Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POSITION —
The Bella Coola District Council requires an Economic
Development Officer to work under the direction of the
three bands which make up the council.
Duties of the position are:
1. To advise the Chiefs and Council on economic
development;
2. To evaluate opportunities for Indian participation
within the local economy;
3. To work with Councils and individuals to evaluate
feasibility of projects and to assist with implementing
economic ventures;
4. To negotiate with governmental and private funding
sources to secure necessary financing;
5. To assist with on-going training and monitoring.
The applicant should have a good understanding of
development within reserve communities. A good
knowledge of financial management is necessary. The
applicant must be flexible in order to work in a wide
range of economic areas.
The applicant will work out of Bella Coola and will travel
regularly to Kitasoo and Oweekeno.
SALARY RANGE: —$16-$19,000
CLOSING DATE: —25 May, 1979
APPLICATIONS: The Bella Coola Band Council, Box
65, Bella Colla, B.C.
UBCIC NEWS 29
*
Morgan of Bonaparte. .. :
*‘Our roots are deep. Everywhere you go, you see our signs.”’ Johnny
HAT CREEK:
THE PEOPLE’S FILM
Since.1974 Indian people have been
somewhat aware of B.C. Hydro’s
intentions for mining coal in the Hat
Creek Valley. The Bonaparte Indian
Band, along with the Pavilion Indian
Band, are the closest to the proposed
site. Pavilion is about 4 miles away
and Bonaparte is one and a half miles
at the most. I have been working with
the UBCIC for about 2 1/2 years and
am a Band member of the Bonaparte.
I’ve always been concerned about our
valley: by that I mean our traditional
Shuswap boundary, which connects
with Pavilion, Fountain and others.
Now I am the fieldworker on Hat
Creek for those Bands. My job is to
educate as many people as possible
about it. The knowledge of the
Project was very limited. The more
they knew about the project in Hat
Creek, the more concerned the people
became. The people in the area
suggested we make a video produc-
tion or maybe a film. They decided
we should make a film.
Shooting has begun. We have inter-
viewed people from the Bonaparte,
mainly elders at this point. One inter-
view was with our eldest elder, John
UBCIC NEWS 30
Morgan, who is 91 years old. In so
many words he said:
‘*The whiteman has taken all our
land and put us on a reserve, a
small piece of what they have
taken. It’s like corraling cattle,
we are fenced in. To leave the re-
serve is like turning cattle out in
the spring to graze, only to return
in the late fall. This is what our
young people do, the ones that
are able. This happens on all
reserves.
Hydro now wants us to move. I
say NO. For generations we’ve
lived in this valley. We know our
mountains well. We all do, from
the ages of when a child could
ride a horse he or she follows
either their father or grand-
parents, and through the years,
they learn where the game is to be
found at different times of the
year. You see, our roots are deep,
our trails are in the mountains.
Everywhere you go you see our
signs. There are stories to be told
of what has happened in these
mountains, some not so good and
by Steven Basil
some very good. There are also
- legends that have been told and
passed through many genera-
tions. To us Indian people, it is
priceless. Do the white men know
this or understand what our land
means to us? NO. To us the land |
is our survival and the strength of
our people. If B.C. Hydro wants
me to move, I say, ‘No Damn
Way’.”’ J
Other people are concerned by
what Hydro has already done in the
valley, especially with water. Hydro
has dug a pit right next to the creek at
the top end of the valley. All along
the creek there are Indians living ©
where they have small ranches. Their
main water supply is from the Hat
Creek for irrigation and drinking
water. Some people are saying the
taste of the water is changing already.
In the summer the creek is very low,
the ranches begin to dry. The people
are concerned for their land and how
they may be affected, healthwise.
The Indian people don’t want the’
coal mine to go ahead—they are
concerned. As a fieldworker for the
Indian people, through the direction
of the people, I’ve arranged meetings
with anyone who is unclear about the
project. So far I’ve visited different
Bands, Kumsheen High School and a
local of the Cattlemen’s Association
in Ashcroft area. The response and
questions were great and indicated
much concern for their environment
and the changes that may occur if
the Hat Creek project is to go ahead.
The next phase of our film making
will take us back to Cache Creek area
for a week to interview as many
people as possible there. The final
shooting will take us to Colstrip,
Montana, where there is already the
same kind of open-pit mining, which
would be happening in the Hat Creek
Valley. We will be interviewing
people on how their lifestyle has
changed since the mining began. We
are hoping to finish the film by the
end of May or. June, and have it cir-
culated later to people wanting to see
the documentation by the people. The
work goes on for the good of the
people.
INDIAN |
CONSULTING
GROUP
The Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs is
encouraging the formation of an
Indian Consulting Group for British
Columbia.
Every year a great deal of money is
spent by government and by our
bands to analyze and prepare reports
on various problem areas within our
reserve communities. Inevitably this
work is carried out by non—Indian
consultants. All to often the results
are unsatisfactory.
USE OUR OWN TALENTS
This work should be carried out by
the many experienced Indian ad-
ministrators, educators and economic
development workers across B.C.
There is a need to provide some initial
coordination in this area. The various
people who would be interested in
undertaking contracts must be con-
tacted and a central file of their qual-
ifications and fields of expertise
maintained. Initially this could be
carried out through the Union. The
various contracts which government
departments will let in future, could
be reviewed and Indian consultants
with appropriate interests and qual-
ifications could be advised so they can
submit a proposal on the work
directly.
Eventually this group of consul-
tants might wish to form its own
company and operate independently
of the Union and other organizations.
The group could maintain its own
office and secretarial support with
each consultant providing a fixed
percentage of his contract fee towards
the operating expenses.
-_Do you feel that you have the
necessary expertise to undertake con-
sultanting work on behalf of bands or
individuals? Would you be interested
in participating in a consulting group
If so, please write to the UBCIC
office and we will send you a personal
information form and include your
name in our file of potential consul-
tants. Any ideas or suggestions on
this idea would be appreciated.
REGIONAL _—
ASSEMBLIES
Our first attempt to ‘‘pay our own
way’’ was declared in May, 1975 at
the UBCIC Assembly held in Chilli-
wack, when we rejected all govern-
ment funding to achieve indepen-
dence from DIA and the government.
So that we can, in part, fulfill this
cry for independence, the Union of
B.C. Indian Chiefs will be coordi-
nating four min -assemblies
throughout the Province during the
next few months. Each region district
will be responsible for funding of
mini-conferences in terms of travel,
lodging and meal costs.
The theme is Indian Government—
within our own Bands. We will be
encouraging Band members from
each district in the four regions to
participate and we will be reporting to
them on resolutions passed concern-
ing each area.
UNDERSTANDING BAND ISSUES
The idea of the ‘‘mini-confer-
ences’’ originated from the need to
fully understand Band issues, and to
develop with our members an active
ipa ki : . me at
two-way rapport between the Band
Councils, their Band members and its |
Union headquarters’ staff and elected
representatives.
British Columbia is broken down
into 4 regions with 16 districts in
total:
The Coastal Region
The South-Western Region ©
Central Interior Region
Northern Region
The first mini-conference will be
held in the Coastal Region—Bella
Coola. Dates are tentative for May
23rd, 24th, 25th, 1979.
Committee Members are:
Robert Simon
Violet Birdstone
Faye Edgar
Reg Percival
Linda Jordan |
Please submit your ideas and con-
cerns to your District Representative/
Chiefs Council members.
We will all be counting on your
support to help make these confer-
ences a success.
wa en BS
The first Regional Assembly will be held in the Coastal Region, at Bella
Coola, May 23-25th.
UBCIC NEWS 31
EDUCATION
P
p
el ice
+ ,
at —"
se i “ a”
, ae ‘
s «Teams
rt aa
‘
hom :
Ey . *
iE TH lh it
| moe au
a
ene ee
St. Mary’s Boarding School, Mission, at the turn of the century.
ST. MARY’s FEASIBILITY STUDY
At our November Special Assembly, the Chiefs from
the Fraser East District, the Stalo Nation, put forward a
resolution that the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs
co-ordinate a feasibility Study on the present and future
use of St. Mary’s Student Residence at Mission. The
resolution was passed.
In March, the Regional Office of DIA confirmed that
there is funding available to conduct the Feasibility
Study. With the co-operation of our District Represen-
tative from Fraser East, we set up a committee to decide
what is possible and what is necessary for a study to look
at.
The paperwork is completed now, and the study will go
ahead. The reason for the study is to look at present
needs and future needs of the Stalo people for such a
centre. There have been many rumours about St. Mary’s
being closed down soon. We all know that there is a
policy to close down Residential Schools for Indian
people. We need to look at what our needs are, and make
sure that we are planning well for the future, to make sure
our people are well looked after.
There are two areas to the study. The history of the
UBCIC NEWS 32
School: it has been there since the 1860’s, it has been used
in many ways, and for many reasons. The other
important part of the study is the involvement of the
Stalo people in looking at Indian Education today, at
what is going on and, based on that, to plan for the
future.
With the District Council we are planning for very
thorough involvement from all the Stalo people. So if you
_ are living in Fraser East, keep your eyes open for more
information!
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION PROGRAM
We have a large number of Indian students in colleges,
in adult programs to get a grade twelve certificate, or in
universities. There has been funding from DIA to support
these students. In 1974 the DIA developed a policy called
E-12. This E-12 policy attempted to restrict and, in
many cases, cut off funding to our post-secondary
students. Bands opposed this move very strongly.
We have a small victory: it is compulsory for DIA to
fund post-secondary education for Indian students.
¥
There will be no cut-backs in funding, and in fact, these
funds will be increased. This information came to us in |
early April, in a telex from the Minister of Indian Affairs.
What we must do now is prepare our Band guidelines
for funding post-secondary students, and make plans on
paper, showing all possible post-secondary students for
the next 5-10 years.
The Treasury Board of the federal government, which
approves funds to DIA has asked for a management
study on how DIA has been administering the post
secondary funds.- é |
What has happened is Treasury Board has been
receiving different numbers on how many _ Indian
post-secondary students there will be each year—and
therefore how much money it will cost. Because there has
been problems in administering this program, Treasury
Board wants a study to find out how it can be managed
better.
It is important, therefore, for students to talk to you
Band Council and staff about future education plans, in
order to make sure your Band will plan for the funding.
MASTER TUITION AGREEMENT [M.T.A]
The Education Portfolio of the Union of B.C. Indian
Chiefs is setting up a team to negotiate an alternative to
the present M.T.A. :
You will recall that the Chiefs passed a resolution at
our Annual General Meeting in Penticton in April 1978
supporting the re-negotiation of the M.T.A. The most
important part of the direction given by the Chiefs, is to
include an opting out clause in the present M.T.A. which.
would allow Bands to control the education of our Indian
Children:in B.C.
We have been unsuccessful in getting negotiations
_between the Department of Education, the DIA, and the
Union. The Province will not negotiate with anyone but
DIA. DIA is willing to begin negotiations on the M.T.A.
in co-operation with the UBCIC. We welcome any
involvement that you may wish to have to prepare the
position of your Band, especially if you have a
band-operated school.
COUNSELLING FOR INDIAN STUDENTS
The Ministry of Education has started a Task Force to
develop a provincial policy on the objectives of their
Counselling program for students in the provincial
schools.
_ Our students and parents who do not understand the
provincial school system will likely find that the
counsellors will send our students to the vocational and
modified secondary programs. They do this without
understanding the effects this has on our people.
The Education portfolio has requested all the
information from the provincial Department of Educa-
tion on how our people can have involvement in the Task
Force. The work on this Counselling Policy can probably
be best done by Home-school Co-ordinators, students
and parents. We will be happy to receive any and all ideas
from interested people.
(cu LTURAL EDUCATION uo
On April 5th and 6th the Education Portfolio of the
Union co-ordinated a meeting of all the Cultural
Education Centres in B.C. The main purpose of the
meeting was to discuss a provincial policy for Cultural
Education for B.C.
The meeting went well. The main, part of the
discussions were on local control of education programs;
an? what work should the Education Portfolio do and
what work should the Cultural Education Centres do. We
also discussed at great length, how should the DIA
program for Cultural Education be decentralized to
Indian Control.
We agreed in the meeting that it is important to
co-ordinate a meeting of the bands that do not have
funding for cultural education, to discuss how to apply
for funds, get a program going, and become involved in
the policy development.
We are asking each District Council to appoint a
representative to attend a provincial meeting to get all the
information on Cultural Education, then bring that back
to a District Council meeting where plans can be made to
get funding and start a program, or Centre.
B.C. INDIAN LANGUAGE TEACHING
Many Bands that do not have language programs have
been interested in how to start classes; for adults and
children. Bands that do have classes so that our people
can learn to speak their language; they also do programs
so that our languages can be written down.
We would be happy to co-ordinate a meeting to help
Bands start programs. If your Band is interested, please
contact the Education Portfolio. by
PROVINCIAL INDIAN EDUCATION POLICY
Right now we are involved with Indian Education
workers in putting together background information
papers for the mini-assemblies.
We are co-ordinating provincial committees on all of
the areas stated in this report. Our job is to define our
rights to education, put this into a policy paper and
present it to the next Chiefs Conference which will be
held this fall.
To make this policy paper is not to restrict what is
possible for Indian education in B.C.; or to make policies
for Bands, it is to put on paper what we must represent
provincially, so that we properly represent what Band
members want for Indian education, supporting your
rights to control the education of your children.
UBCIC NEWS 33
In this modern age, the advancement of technology has
caused resources expolitation to be seriously regarded as
top priority in the development of the majority society’s
economic and social well-being.
coal, is a major concern to those who benefit directly
and enjoying the finished product.
The natural slow growth rate of renewable resources,
such as forestry or fishing, is also a major concern. the
natural resources are becoming somewhat artificial re-
sources, today there are a number of Tree Nurseries for
forestry and Salmonid Enhancement Programs for
fisheries.
OVERALL MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES ©
The corporate industries and government agencies are
publicly talking about ‘‘integrated management of re-
sources, mining, forestry, agriculture, wildlife, recre-
ation, etc., on an equitable basis.’’ Yet there still exists the
big question of the almighty dollar that influences the de-
cisions of the use of the natural resources.
Imagine, the Indian Peoples almost two centuries past
centuries past actually were in control of these natural
resources. Today, the Indian people in B.C. and Canada
are getting a taste of what the majority society rely on.
This assimilation is slowly fading the importance of the
culture, which was the whole development of the past
Indian People’s economic and social well being.
To date, there are Indian sectoral programs geared to
help and speed up the process of Indian Bands or Indian
Bands or Indian individuals in developing a self-sufficient
economic base in the fishing and agricultural sectors.
Both the Indian Fishermen Assistance Program (IFAP)
and the Western Indian Agricultural Corporation
Limited (WIACL) are funded by government agencies.
The objectives are that the bureaucratic process of
government agencies be eliminated and the Indian Bands
or Indian individuals be given opportunities by means of
an Indian Band level approach.
However, the Indian people today still hold that ‘‘sense
of survival.’’ It seems that if we controlled the natural
resources again, we would only take what we need. It is a
hard argument when the question of the almighty dollar
| plays a big role in the daily lives of the majority society‘s
system, the Indian people need opportunities geared
towards their economic and social well-being. Self-
determination nowadays will also involve the use of the
‘‘almighty dollar.”
Today, the Indian people are being funded by the Federal
government. The Federal governement gets its revenue
i
FORESTRY: A SECTORAL
LOOK
The depletion of non-renewable resources, oil, gas, and.
financially and to those who benefit indirectly by using -
‘
from the natural resources and taxation. The question of
how an Indian Band can rely on a economic base to
provide for the development instead of relying on funds is
quite a big one which has very few answers. The biggest
solution is that the Indian Bands of B.C. retain their
rights to the Land and Sea and its resources in order to
benefit from it. But...
WESTERN INDIAN AGRICULTURAL
CORPORATION: AN EXAMPLE
The WIACL is the result of a Committee‘s initiative
which began in 1973. Chief Bob Pasco, chairman of this
committee, had conducted a large portion of the research
and designing of the ‘‘British Columbia Indian Ag-
ricultural Program 1977-1982’’—the final draft proposal.
This proposal was brought to the attention of the Re-
gional Office and headquarters of the department of
Indian Affairs. The five-year fore-cast, requesting ap-
proximately $18 million, was then brought to the
Treasury Board.
The backbone of the proposal was ‘‘to serve as a
vehicle in projecting the training of management and im-
plementation of management planning that the Indian
farmers in B.C. need.‘‘ The Indian Agricultural Program
was designed along the lines of the Manitoba Indian Ag-
ricultural Program. -
The Treasury board accepted the proposal in principle,
but, due to lack of funds, it was turned down.
' The Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs questioned the
decision through the regional and Headquarters of the
Department. The outcome was that the Western Indian
Agricultural Corporation Ltd. was formed. A grant of
$60,000 was allocated to carry on a farm-ranch
management training program. The Board of Directors
are all people involved with agriculture on reserves. The
Corporation recently received $415,000, which will be
used to continue and extend the promotion of resource
people and development of the farm-ranch products.
The agricultural sector of Indian Reserves is quite
substantian in its potential product and revenue. The
Department and the Province of B.C. have dealt with this
sector in a ‘‘superficial’’ manner. This gives good pur-
pose to the Indian people wanting to examine, evaluate,
and implement actions towards development of a sector |
which can show beneficial results.
The forestry sector is also dealt with in a superficial
manner by those who believe they govern us. An Indian
Forestry Sectoral Program can be a vehicle towards
future positive development.
What do you think? Should we initiate an Indian Forestry |
sectoral program? If you’re interested, can you send any
Suggestions as to how it could be approached?
UBCIC NEWS 34
PIPELIN ES: THE IMPACT ON
_THE WOMEN
Then new naprullen't that come with dina leave tikes women to eae
their tradition.
On March 12th, UBCIC did a little
presentation to Commissioner Mitch-
ell Sharpe of NPA (Northern Pipeline
Agency) on some of the research and
information we had done. At the very
beginning Mr. Sharpe made it very
clear that he will deal only with pipe-
line issues and will not accept any
other, social, issues. He stressed that
it must be related to building the
pipeline. Then he announced that the
Hearings again have been delayed to
the fall, (hooray) and at this point can
be flexible as to when and where. Our
presentation, though, sparked a defi-
nite interest and fascination; they
really had had no idea of what was
involved and said ours was the first
study of its kind, I guess they meant
B.C. Their attitude at one point was
*...well, the pipeline is already
through there...’’ and-the point we
keep making is; it’s not so much the
pipeline in itself but what it’s going to
bring, the social impact. I think they
got the point.
I would like to share with you once
again some of the concerns voiced by
the people of the north east in the
testimonies given at the National
Energy Board (N.E.B.) hearings held
in Ft. St. John, 1977. This time I
chose vidlence as a theme.
Violence has been increasing stead-
ily and the people’s biggest fear is that
when the construction of the pipeline
begins so will more problems; and the
ones who have little protection, or are
little known about and do suffer the
impact are the women. Although
these good people have expressed
greater concerns about hunting and
trapping etc., I chose to quote just the
parts that deal with women for now.
Some of the things mentioned are
loss of culture, violence by rape and
restlessness—just up and leaving the
area.
Harry Dickie of Ft. Nelson testified °
“I could go into a lot of these
things, the family life on reserve
is affected.’’
Q: Can you tell us a bit about
that?
A: I don’t know. This is kind of
embarrasing. You have the crews
coming into town and the reserve
is only five miles out of town and
a good place for a party and the
girls get mixed up. This is
something I don’t like to get into.
We don’t like that. I know it will
occur and yet the white people
would not like it if the Indians
done it; if the shoe were on the
other foot it would be a damn
different story. I am sorry if you
don’t understand me ieroudily.
The Chairman: I understand you.
The witness: I will take a minute.
I -get very emotional talking
about families. I am sure every-
body thinks a lot of their family
circle and likes to keep it that
way, especially the poor Indian.
He has not got a chance. The
‘reserves are close to the white
construction.”’
‘*And with the women—there are
only four left in my Band that
tans their own hides and half a
dozen that do sewing.”’
‘*Then our people started to get
into the booze. The oil well
companies were drilling beside
the reserve and they bring booze.
down there and they run off with
the women. Even nowadays
young girls are running: around
town; not only that, but because
of this booze they drink and they
take off with them—’”’
Jerry Attachie, Doig River Band, .
stated he is chief, didn’t graduate but
has grade eight. He was worried
about the number of people;
‘‘_and lately there is a lot of
rape going on in this Ft. St. John.
We have to stop this somehow
but we could not—not too many
of us left—’’
These were just a few of many
statements that were made.
There is a Women’s Research
Group throughout communities aff-
ected by the pipeline, funded by a
grant from the government. They
held a workshop in Vancouver two
months ago at which I had the
privilege of speaking about our
Study. I was very pleased to be there
as the potential of such a group is
limitless though is too often limited.
Thank you for reading—until next
time.
UBCIC NEWS 35
RESOURCE CENTRE
The UBCIC Resource Centre has four films which will
be loaned free of charge to Indian groups in B.C.:
. The Berger Inquiry—film covers the hearings on the
- Mackenzie Valley Pipeline. The film presents the views
- and feelings of the Indian-and white communities
towards the pipeline. The film is approximately 90
minutes, and in colour.
Guns for Life—produced by the Solicitor General of
’ Canada. The film concerns the new gun laws and
regulations which were put into effect on January 1,
1979. Information on where to obtain a gun licence, how
- much the licence costs, the penalty for carelessness, etc.
can be obtained from this film. The film is 28 minutes,
and in color.
The Land Is the Culture—was produced for UBCIC in
1975, and concerns aboriginal rights in British Columbia.
It is 28 minutes long and in color.
‘Look What We’ve Done To This Land—is on the Hopi
and Navajo Indians in New Mexico and the effect strip
mining has had upon their land and culture. It is 21 ©
minutes long, and in color.
Catalogues
The Resource Centre also has free copies available of
the film catalogue Films on Indians and Inuit of North
America 1965-1978. This book was published by the
Department of Indian Affairs in 1978, and contains a
very good list of all films produced in North America on
_ Indian and Inuit people. In the last section of the book
there is a list of film distributors and addresse
Films rented or borrowed from U.S. distributors are
subject to customs, laws and regulations; i.e.: some films
are subject to a charge of one and a half cents per foot
plus a 9 per cent sales tax. This could lead to a very
- expensive film viewing.
_ The National Film Board of Canada Caidons 1978
also contains -a list of films on Indian people.
Legal Resource Centre
Legal Services Commission
200-744 W. Hastings Street
Vancouver, B.C. V6C 1A5
(604) 689-0741 «
National Film Board of
Canada
1161 West Georgia Street
Vancouver, B.C. V6E 3G4
(604) 666-1716
Other National Film Board
offices within B.C. are as
follows:
National Film Board
545 Quebec Street
Prince George, B.C.
V2L 1W6
(604) 564-5657
A variety of films, video
tapes and slide/tapes on the
justice system are avilable
free of charge.
National Film Board loans
films free of charge. Their
catalogue listing many films
about Indians is available
by writing or phoning their |
offices.
National Film Board
811 Wharf Street
Victoria, B.C.
(604) 388-3868
spienebiaiatreeeeasctity
To make Indian Government a reality, we feel that it
The following places may also be
contacted for films;
Audio-Visual Educational
Library (AVEL)
_505 Dunsmuir Street .
Vancouver, B.C. V6B 1Y5
(604) 685-7834
IDERA
2425 Cypress Street
- Vancouver; B.C. V6J 1Y5
- (604) 738-8815
* (604) 738-9621
UBCIC NEWS 36
An annual membership fee
of $28.00 allows the user to
borrow films of social and
political interest.
IDERA rents films for $5 to
$20. Their films concern
politics, resource develop-
ment and topical issues of
concern to Indian people.
must have a strong voice, a forum to discuss the issues in
depth, a means to let each other know what is happening
in the province: we try to make the UBCIC NEWS that
strong voice. .
It is because of the growing number of subscribers that
we are able to continue. We cannot write to each of you,
but would like to express our appreciation through this
column to those who sent in subscriptions during the last
’ month.
Arlene Daniels of Duncan and the
Native Students Union of Victoria
University.
ea?
~ YOUTH EDITOR MEETS —
—__—_ MORRIS
My name is Sylvia Woods and I am a Haisla Indian -
from Kitimaat Village. I have just been asked to be the
Youth Editor for the UBCIC News. I need your help, so.
that I can write articles that you like reading. What would.
you young people like to read about? Some things I’ve
thought of are:
_ Indian Dancing Long Houses
Pen pals Famous Indians
Would you like to see ‘an all Native High School,
College, or University with Indians from all over B.C.
and Canada attending, with all Indian teachers?
What are your ideas on Land Claims, how would you
solve it?
They say young people are supposed to have lively,
creative, and bright ideas, so come on and throw some
my way!!
Yes, we have our own Elvis impersonator—he is
28-year-old Morris Bates, a Shuswap Indian from Sugar
Cane Reserve.
Morris played:at The Cave in Vancouver from March
12th to April 7th, 1979. I interviewed him backstage:
What first gave you the idea of imitating Elvis, and how
old were you?
I really don’t know, I must have been about 21 or 22. I
was just working in a band and would just come on and
do a couple of Elvis numbers; the people always reacted
more heavily when I done the Elvis Presley stuff than the
other stuff that I was singing. So I got sort of a miniature
reputation for the guy that would do the Elvis stuff and
people started coming to see the show and it just sort of
mushroomed from there over the year, but it’s been a
long 6 years since I first walked across the stage and tried
to do the Elvis Presley story.
Has your Indian background had nein to do with
your career; has it helped or hindered it in any way? _ .
I don’t think it has hindered, but it may have helped me
in a lot of ways, because it gave me an attitude. Like ©
when you’re living on one of those reserves, there’s ©
nothing to go back to. So I worked really hard to get out ~
of there, to be successful or whatever, and I keep working _
at it because I don’t have a place to go but to go back
there, and I don’t want to go back there. I want to be big
in the entertainment business. I want to make it, that is
what I’m striving for.
Did you find the transition difficult to make from a small
cown in B.C. to U.S. nightclubs, and it was it a long road
for you?
Well I have been in the business and on the road for i
years. I played all over the lower mainland and western
Canada before I actually did play The Cave and we done —
very well. It’s about the only place that I perform in’ —
Vancouver that is big enough to hold the act unless we do »
. one nighters. Vancouver is a major market in the world
and we do well here. The professionalism in Las Vegas .
has to be a very high standard so it has matured myself
and the act considerably.
Are you hopeful for the future of the Indians? a
I travel so much, and I tour so much I am not really
’ aware of any of the political situations other than a little
bit of information on the B.C. Land Question. I don’t -
really know about it. I’ve got a few friends who try to |
keep me informed, but we travel and we’re so busy. I
lived on a reserve and it has really been a hindrance that
they’ll give you the land to live on, but you can’t
ever do anything with it. It just sits there and you can’t.
use it for any kind of collateral, and the government lets.
you live on it, but that’s about all. I wish it would be like
the U.S., if you owned your land you could sell, work, or
develop it, but here you can’t really do anything with it.
That’s the only problem that I know about. I’m not too
much into political stuff.
Where is your next engagement?
As far as I know at present, we’ll be opening in Las Vegas
on April 10th, 1979, back at’ the Silver Slipper on the
Strip again. There’s been some talk about me going to
South Africa to do a movie. Now the people of South
Africa released the information before we had all the —
details. I think they are more or less trying to pressure us
into touring in South Africa, but as of yet, all I know is .
that we should be opening up in Las Vegas. I should
mention that we are also coming back to the Williams
Lake Stampede for 2 nights and we’ll be performing in.
B.C. for, I think, 10 or 15 days. We'll be doing
one-nighters, and the Williams Lake Stampede is on the
schedule, which will be at the end of June and the Ist gt
July.
UBCIC NEWS 37
TRAININGFOR MANAGEMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
The Union and the Department of Indian Affairs B.C.
Regional staff met on April 5, 1979 to initiate an
exchange of information regarding better use of natural
resources on-reserve.
The Department is presently proposing to initiate a
comprehensive program which will ‘‘focus on important
issues, both human and natural resources, and specific
geographic areas.’’ Since the forestry areas emcompass
many other resources, such as mining, agriculture, recre-
ation, wildlife, etc., it will be the basis of the program
initially.
The first step proposed involves the identification of
Indian persons interested in working in the fields of
science related to natural resources. The Department and
the Department of Environment (D.O.E.) have agreed to
sponsor training programs that will involve several areas
of forestry. A series of summer training jobs have been
set up.
The Department also proposes to form a Resource
Management Advisory Committee (R.M.A.C.). The
question here is basically: who will be selected? The head
of each Department section? Bureaucrats from other
Federal government agencies which are involved in
resources? The Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs and any
other concerned Indian organizations were invited to be a
part of this Committee, should it happen to be formed.
This regional committee would look at all policies
affecting the natural resources on-reserve. It would
recommend systems to ensure these resources are being
used to the best benefit of the people.
The position of the UBCIC at this meeting was that if
the Department wishes to form a Resource Management
Advisory Committee, this should consist of members at
the Band level. The committee should only ‘‘open doors
for the Bands.’’ It should not attempt to set up a
complicated information system about our resources. We
do not need more bureaucrats telling us how to look after
the resources on our reserves. However, greater attention
and assistance from government would be useful. |
The first employment phase will provide summer jobs
for people in these areas.
Forest Insect and Disease Recommended for under-
Survey standing of tree pest infes-
tation, may be highly flex-
ible predictive tool. One
student, P.F.R.P., Victoria
BG.
UBCIC NEWS 38
Potential for wildlife and
recreational management
training. 1 student, Cana-
dian Wildlife Service, Delta
B.C.
Recommended for Indian
Land Managers: one stu-
dent, at the Pacific Forest
Research Centre
(P.F.R.P.), Victoria, B.C.
Nursery Program -
Land Management
Recommended for assessing
the quality and sensitivity
of freshwater environment.
1 student, Inland Waters
Directorate (I1.W.D.), Van-
couver, B.C.
Potential for development
on Indian lands. One stu-
dent, at P.F.R.P., Victoria,
eo:
Relates to natural resources
and energy development. 1
student, I.W.D., Vancou-
ver, B.C.
If you are interested in applying for one of these jobs
you should send a letter to the UBCIC office, attention
Cliff Hanuse.
Water - Quality Research
and Monitoring
Tree Seed Improvement
Hydrometric Survey
& 4
\ : cs a ae
LIBRARY ASSISTANT REQUIRED
by the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs ~
DUTIES INCLUDE: Reference work, collections deve-
lopment, technical services and related activities in a
Resource Centre serving the Indians of B.C.
QUALIFICATIONS: -
1. College and/or University education with majors in
B.C. History and/or Anthropology.
2. Previous research experience.
3. Previous library experience helpful, but is not,
essential.
4. Ability and willingness to work with people.
5. Accurate typing essential.
6. Willingness to travel.
SALARY: $950.00-$1, 100.00
CLOSING DATE: May 11, 1979
TO APPLY: Please send covering letter and resume |
outlining previous experience and qualifications to:
Raymond S. Good (Administrative Assistant)
ge | AGROLOGIST
RESPONSIBILITIES
. Responsible to the Project Director for all training
activities of the corporation.
. Develops and implements an extension strategy for the
province which will provide the comprehensive infor-
mation support Indian farmers need to develop the
agriculture potential of B.C. Indian reserves.
. Organizes training seminars and courses on all aspects
of farm and ranch management in consultation with
bands and individual farmers.
. Co-ordinates the training services which are available
from provincial Ministries of Agriculture and Educa-
tion as well as the federal Departments of Agriculture,
| Employment and Immigration, and Indian Affairs.
QUALIFICATIONS SALARY RANGE: Negotiable
Several years of experience with the practical side of
Agriculture with special emphasis on agricultural
extension and training programs. A good understanding
of the practical problems faced by Indian farmers.
Because of the wide range of projects with which the
corporation will become involved, the successful appli-
cant must be highly adaptable and flexible in his/her
| approach.
AGRICULTURAL FIELDWORKERS—
FIVE POSITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. Co-ordinate the services available through the Corpor-
ation and government departments to provide maxi-
mum benefit to individual projects.
2. Assist projects with specific needs or problems which
may arise.
3. Arrange for professional assistance for projects.
4. Maintain on-going contact with projects on behalf of
the corporation.
QUALIFICATIONS:
Individuals with agricultural training and farming/
ranching experience are invited to apply for these
positions. The ability to assist farmers, and would-be
farmers with practical day-to-day problems is the most
important qualification.
ALL APPLICATIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO:
Gordon Antoine, Manager,
W.LA.C. Ltd.
440 W. Hastings St.,
Vancouver, B.C. V6B 1L1
State Area of Work preference:
1. Fort St. John
2. Kootenays
3. Fraser Valley
HELP WANTED
ACCOUNTANT POSITION ri
Interesting, challenging position for experienced accoun-
| tant, working as a financial manager and planner for five
Indian Bands.
The job involves budgetting, fund accounting, providing
financial advice to the Board of Directors, Administra-
tion, and a number of independent companies; preparing
monthly financial reports, performs and supervises all
accounting functions, knowledge of computerized
accounting essential.
Preference will be given to a person with RIA, CA, CGA,
with considerable experience and knowledge of govern-
ment management, agricultural and forestry industries an
asset. ae
Submit complete resume and references with letter of
< plication by May 21, 1979 to:
The Personnel Committee
Nicola Valley Indian Administration
PO Box 188
Merritt, B.C. VOK 2B0
Deadline for applications for Executive Director and
Accountant is May 21, 1979
Salary negotiable.
POSITION: EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
SALARY RANGE: Negotiable
TERMS AND CONDITIONS: Negotiable
REPORTING TO: Nicola Valley Area Council
SPECIAL SKILLS AND ABILITIES:
Self motived, organized
ability to manage
entrepreneur
special Indian languages and relate to members
FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
—carry out Area Council objectives and policies
—public relations
—coordinate band managers, program heads and
administration so that the band members’ needs and
aspirations are met
—provide reports to Councils on activities
—maintain a current flow of information to the bands on
external activities that will effect the bands concerned
—coordinate and direct development and _ service
programs
—involved in, supportive to, and representative of Area
Council and/or all of the five Nicola Valley Indian
Bands (Lower Nicola, Coldwater, Shackah, Upper |
Nicola and Nooitch) in lobbying, negotiating, and
other contacts with governments, other agencies and
Indian Organizations.
Applications to be mailed by May 21, 1979 to:
Nicola Valley Indian Administration
PO Box 188,
Merritt, B.C. V9K 2B0
4. Vancouver Is. SALARY RANGE:
5. Williams L. $14-16,000
FOR MORE INFORMATION contact W.I.A.C. Ltd. at
684-0231 | a
\ Attn.: Personnel Committee E
~~
UBCIC NEWS 39
ARE $$ THE ONLY CHOICE FOR A LAND
CLAIMS SETTLEMENT? THE FUTURE FOR
YOUR CHILDREN DEPENDS ON THE CHOICE
YOU MAKE TODAY...
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Subscription Prices:
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Send your cheque or money order to:
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VoB 1L1
THE UBCIC NEWS WANTS TO
KNOW ABOUT YOU AND YOUR
COMMUNITY. DO YOU HAVE A
STORY TO TELL? A JOKE, A
POEM, PICTURES TO SHARE?
THE UBCIC NEWS IS ALWAYS
OPEN TO YOUR SUGGESTIONS,
OPINIONS, NEWS AND PHOTOS.
THIS MONTH
LARRY NED, of the Sumas Band
near Chilliwack, took pictures of
his reserve and of the clay works
there to send to us for the story
about the Band and its clean-up
job with Companies using Band
clay and land illegally.
FROM THE UBCIC NEWS:Thank
you to LARRY NED
He will be receiving
a free 1 year subscription to the.
UBCIC News as a token of our
appreciation.
UBCIC NEWS is published monthly by the Unionof_ British Columbia Indian Chiefs.
-
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=
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“LS SONLLSVH LSAM OPP
Ull €9A °O'a ‘WAANOONVA
SAaIHO NVIGNI ‘O'd JO NOINN ‘WOW
Part of UBCIC News - volume 2, number 1 (April, 1979)