Periodical
UBCIC News - volume 1, number 5 (September 1978)
- Title
- UBCIC News - volume 1, number 5 (September 1978)
- Is Part Of
- 1.06-01.03 Nesika: UBCIC News
- 1.06.-01 Newsletters and bulletins sub-series
- Date
- September 1978
- volume
- 1
- issue
- 5
- Language
- english
- Identifier
- 1.06-01.03-02.09
- pages
- 31
- Table Of Contents
-
NORTHEAST BANDS
THE MEMORANDUM:
INSULTS TO INDIAN GOVERNMENT
INDIGENOUS BROTHERS TO THE WEST - Contributor
- Beth Cuthand
- Pauline Douglas
- Steven Basil
- George Manuel
- Millie Poplar
- Lillian Basil
- Alfred Adams
- Janice Peters
- Loretta Todd
- Michelle Stiff
- John Warren
- Marty Weinstein
- Maxine Pape
- Wayne Haimila
- Barbara Kuhne
- Dinah Schooner
- Jeanette Bonneau.
- Type
- periodical
- Transcription (Hover to view)
-
| Vol.INo.5 Sept.‘78 |
DIA SWINDLES NORTHEAST BANDS
THE MEMORANDUM:
INSULTS TO INDIAN GOVERNMENT
INDIGENOUS BROTHERS TO THE WEST
The phone rang in our office the other day. It was my friend B. phoning from a city on the prairies.
“Beth, | have some really bad news to tell you,” she said, “Angus is dead.”
“What?”
“Angus is dead. He hung himself last night.”
My friend Angus was a brother to me. He was a big, tall, curly-headed half-breed with a cute baby face and
bedroom eyes. He was charming, out-going and smart. Angus used to brag that he had an 1.Q. of 160 and some-
times | believed it. For all that, he never seemed to fit anywhere for very long. In order to survive as long as he
did, he had built up a big front that few people could penetrate.
He was always falling in love. He would go out with a woman and fall passionately and truly in love for no
longer than two months and then something would happen to break the magic. He would grieve for awhile over
his lost love and start the same thing all over again with another woman.
| met him one day: “Angus, where have you been? | haven’t seen you for a whole six weeks at least,” | said.
“I’ve been around,” he said, rolling his eyes sideways at the woman with him. He was a very good eye roller.
He could roll his eyes more lecherously than anyone | have ever known. The woman left our company.
“How do you like my new clothes?” he said. “P. gave them to me.”
“Angus, you look like a god-damn gigolo! Haven’t you got any pride?”
“I’m trying to dress good,” he said, looking hurt.
He was dressed in a white silk shirt, open to the waist, printed with a flaming orange design. He was wearing
peacock blue dress pants and on his feet, a brand new pair of Tony Lama cowboy boots. Around his neck he
wore a genuine turquoise orange blossom necklace. His fingers were heavy with turquoise rings and on one little
finger he wore a genuine diamond pinkie ring which he waved at me proudly. That’s the way he was.
Angus never did anything in moderation. When he drank: he drank and drank and drank, until his body
couldn’t take it anymore. After a drunk, he would drag his ravaged body to the nearest hospital for drugs to
calm his nerves and help him cope with the withdrawal. Then he would go to A.A. and become the most sancti-
monious bastard around.
But my friend Angus tried. He really did. He wanted desparately to be an ordinary, hard-working, responsible
man. He wanted a home, a wife, and kids. He wanted to do something that would help his people.
The last time | ever saw Angus was a little over a year ago when | was packing up to move here. The day
before | left, Angus came over to show off his new lady.
“It’s real this time,” he said. “‘We’ve got a little house on 12th but we haven’t got anything to put in it.”
“Angus, you god-damn freeloader. You know damn well | have to unload this junk,” | said. “‘I’ll sell you
some stuff.”’ | sold him some kitchen stuff and some plants. He picked up everything that wasn’t nailed down,
too.
“lll probably never see you again cousin,” he said. ‘Can | pay you later?”
That’s the last time | ever saw my friend. | heard about him from time to time through my friend B.
“He was doing very well Beth; he had a job as an alcoholics counsellor. He was dry for 8 months until
last night,” she said.
“What happened?”
“He had a fight with his lady and started drinking. His lady found his body at 3:30 this morning.”
The elders say that suicide is taboo. The Creator gives us life; it is a gift that isn’t ours to give away to death.
Only the Creator has the power and the right to decide when our time here on this earth is finished.
| was talking to an Elder about Angus and the other young people who have taken their lives this summer.
He said that it’s a danger sign to us all that we are forgetting our spiritual roots.
The Editor
The UBCIC NEWS is the official voice of the
Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs.
It is dedicated to building a strong foundation
for Indian Government by providing an awareness
of the political and social issues affecting the
Indians of British Columbia.
Signed articles and opinions are the views of
the individuals concerned and not necessarily
those of the UBCIC.
%
Editor: Beth Cuthand Assistant Editor: Pauline Douglas
Written Contributions:George Manuel , Millie Poplar,Lillian Basil, Alfred Adams, Janice Peters, Loretta Todd,
Michelle Stiff, John Warren, Marty Weinstein, Maxine Pape,Wayne Haimila, Barbara Kuhne,
Dinah Schooner and Jeanette Bonneau.
Photographs: Steven Basil
| Typesetting: Makara Publishing and Design Co-operative
| Picture of Moose by: Helmut Hirnschall from “Eyes on the Wilderness’ Hancock House Publishers Ltd.
The Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
440 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, B.C. Telephone: 684-0231
V6B 1L1 Telex: 04-54220
|TABLE OF CONTENTS
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President’s Message ........---2 02s eeeeees 5 Bee ee Seas Pe eee ee Bk 22
Secretariat Meeting .............-2..200-- 7 baricdktise Study... 42% es ea ore 23
National Indian Brotherhood Assembly ...... 8 BUOCIALA RAS OS pert ate. bees 24
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More Dalrining NSWS e166. oF. ee ee 10 Resource Centre: (: ce is <a Vag ee ects 26
The Northeast: Profile... 0.2.0... 0s oes al2 BOOK RCVIOW 2. occas 7 ss sone agar gee 27
CS SETS Ss > aa Pea re omegpce 15 Youth Development <: 0 cei... ce. 6s tow 28
BFORMEIS- 60 TNBGWOSt Gah 65s ac acct ne ees 16 GREE ag niu eee s ot afuin hip oaks one wea 30
PSTN ies ipa ar ice ees ace ae 18 PIG AWAMOO rs ters. ts Ls gaa g oe eens 31
a He Memorandum 3) 06s se 6 cj he wee ele ie
OUR COVER: Thunder: Raven picked the Whale up out the sea. When the Whale fell! back to the sea, he
hit the water with the sound of Thunder.
| Saul Terry, Chief of the Bridge River Band and Vice-President of the Central Interior Region, isa
graduate of the Vancouver School of Art..It was while he was at the coast that he heard the legend and
drew his interpretation.
Uecle 3
DIA SCANDAL EXPOSED |
FRAUD, NEGLIGENCE, BREACH OF TRUST,
’ A MATTER OF PRINCIPLE
Chief Joseph Apsassin of Blue-
berry River Band and Chief Jerry
Attachie of Doig River Band have
launched a court action against
the Government for the illegal sale
of the agriculturally and mineral
rich St. John Beaver Reserve,
known as IR. 172. While the values
of the oil and gas rights, and the
price of the lands involved are
huge, the people do not expect
to become overnight millionaires.
UBCIC Researcher, Arlene La
Boucane, told us that what lies be-
hind this court action is a matter
of principle. “Such a swindle
should never have been allowed to
happen. We want people to know
about it: we want them to know
what the Department of Indian
Affairs did to this small Band.”
Under the Indian Act, the Federal
Government is responsible for
Indian lands “for the use and
benefit” of our people. Clearly
this trust was ignored in their
dealings with the St. John Beaver
Band.
“The people were told they
would get rich if they sold — they
were made all sorts of promises.
The people are angry that the DIA
lied to them and they are taking
the Department to court on this
matter of principle.”
~ UBCIC 4
BREACH OF TREATY CHARGED
The Statement of Claim
On September 19, a UBCIC
lawyer presented the Statement of
Claim to the Federal Court, on
behalf of the people who used to
be known as the St. John Beaver.
Band and who are now the Blue-
berry and Doig River Bands. The
Statement of Claim is an amazing
document. It presents to the Court
step-by-step, a sordid story of how
a people who lived on a gold mine
were systematically swindled out
of it by the very people who were
supposed to look after their in-
terests.
The way to the Yukon gold
fields in the last century lay
through northeastern B.C. To
make this way safer for the rush
of fortune hunters, the Govern-
ment entered into Treaties with
the Indian Bands all along the
route.
Treaty 8
In May, 1900, Treaty 8 was
signed with the St. John Beaver
Band. Under the terms of the
Treaty, the Band was entitled to
land, extensive hunting and trap-
ping rights amongst other things.
In 1914, the Band applied for
18,168 acres near Fort St. John:
good rich farming land which in-
cluded mineral rights and a tradi-
tional hunting and trapping area.
In 1916, an Order-in-Council set
this land aside for the Band.
In 1940, the Band surrendered
their mineral rights to the Govern-
ment of Canada ‘to be disposed
of for the benefit of the Band”’. In
1943 it became generally known
that the area around IR 172 was
a likely place to find oil.
Pressure to Sell
About twenty years after the
setting aside of IR 172 for the
Band, it turned out that this land
was highly desireable, and between
1933 and 1944 a number of ap-
proaches were made to the Depart-
ment to sell it to non-Indians.
However, these requests were
turned down. Some of the Depart-
ment’s reasons stated were, among
other things:
the land was excellent land for
haying and farming and would
be an asset to the Band in the
future, especially as hunting
and trapping were already be-
ing threatened;
the Indian way of life, hunting
and trapping, was already being
limited through the increased
settlement in the area and
therefore the Band needed this
land for their survival;
the sale was not in the best in-
terest of the Band and besides
which, the Band did not want
to sell. Without Band consent,
the sale was impossible.
Heaviest pressure to sell came
from another Government Depart-
ment, the Department of Veterans
Affairs. Between 1944 and Sept-
ember 1945 DIA agents pressured
Continued page 6
PRESIDENT’ |
MESSAGE
THANKSGIVING, 1978
It’s my understanding that the feast of Thanks-
giving was introduced to North America by the
Plymouth Colony in 1621. At that time, the Puritans
had a celebration in thanksgiving for the bounties of
the harvest.
At that first thanksgiving ceremony, the Puritans
went out and shot the Indigenous turkeys of North
America and when the Indians saw this, they
brought in some deer, fish corn and squash to share
with them in the thanksgiving celebrations. So, you
see, Indians and Puritans celebrated together Thanks-
giving for the first time in North America.
This was probably the last time they celebrated
together, because, in addition to introducing thanks-
giving, the puritans also introduced scalping to the
Indians. Sixteen years later, in 1637, the puritans
began offering bounties for the scalps of Indians. So
you see, Indians did not introduce scalping. This was
introduced by the founding fathers from Europe.
When the other colonists came to Canada, they
also offered bounties for the scalps of Indians. In
1688, the French Canadians offered 40 beaver skins
or 10 crowns for an Indian scalp. The English
Colonists, in 1693, also offered a 100 English pound
bounty for Indian scalps. Later on, the prices for
Indian scalps increased to $150.00 By 1870, a little
over a hundred years ago, prices went up as high as
$200.00 to $300.00 for ordinary Indian scalps and
$500.00 for a chief’s scalp.
In the 1880’s, the same English Colonists signed
i 9
Treaties with the Indians, and one of the provisions
that continues to this day, is that each Indian person
will receive $5.00 per year per Indian. Obviously a
dead Indian was worth more than a live one.
In Canada, the Thanksgiving day practice began
in 1879, as a “day of Thanksgiving to almighty God
for the bountiful harvest with which Canada has
been blessed”’.
In the Treaties signed foll owing that first
Canadian Thanksgiving day, the Indian also gave up
much of the land which included the bountiful
harvest from fishing, hunting, trapping, other food
things, forestry, gas, oil and other types of minerals.
As a result, the Indians haven’t got much to be
thankful for today. While the white people are
celebrating thanksgiving for the bounties they have —
stolen from the Indians’ land and country.
As the Indians’ rights to land, gas, oil, fishing,
hunting and trapping and other food gathering
rights are continually being taken away, we will
soon not have any bounties to be thankful for.
Anyway, on Thanksgiving Day, when you are
eating your turkey dinner, think of the puritans,
the French and the English and the bounties they
offered for the scalps of our great great great-
forefathers. They sacrificed their lives to keep our
land claims alive and our aboriginal rights in the
forefront to remind us that we are the first founding
people of this country.. This is our home land.
Sincerely, :
George Manuel
UBGIG 5
DIA SUED from page 4
the Band and finally persuaded
them to surrender “by deceit,
falsehood, misrepresentation,
undue influence and other means.”
The Band Sues For Illegal Sale
Today, the Band is suing the
Crown for negligence and breach
of trust in that action for:
selling the reserve without the
consent or full knowledge of
the Band;
selling the land for consider-
ably less than its known market
value and knowing very well
that it was against the Band’s
interest;
failing to protect the mineral
rights of the Band when in-
terests in minerals were already
evident;
failing to account to the Band
for the money from the sale;
and for misrepresenting the
benefits of the surrender.
By this action, clearly not in
the best interest of the Band for
the very reasons that the Depart-
ment had earlier described, the
Department breached Treaty 8.
Oil drilling at Commotion Creek, 1940.
UBCIC 6
The New Reserves
The continuing actions of the
Department in this area are not
any more noble. The Band finally
consented to the buying of new
reserves on the basis of promises
made at the time of the Surrender,
including promises that the new
reserve would include mineral
rights, hunting and trapping rights.
In 1950, Band members di-
vided and went to live on Reserve
205, Blueberry River or 206, Doig
River. A third piece of land is used
for grazing cattle. The new reserve
totalled 6,194 acres, a little over
one-third of their original reserve.
Soon afterwards, the Province of
British Columbia claimed all mi-
neral rights and the Department
gave in without a murmur.
Negligence and Breach of Trust
The Chiefs of Blueberry and
Doig Rivers are now suing the
Crown for negligence and breach
of trust in the purchase of these
for providing inadequate and
improper advice to the Band,
knowing that the Band was
relying on this advice and was
not in a position of equality
with the other parties;
failing to live up to the pro-
mises made to the Band at the
time of Surrender, especially
with regard to hunting and
trapping rights, annual cash
payments, mineral royalties
from IR 172...;
misrepresenting the status of
mineral rights on the new lands
and in fact failing to secure
such rights;
failing to buy enough land:
under the terms of the Treaty
8, the Band was entitled to
nearly three times as much;
and finally, the Department
purchased the new reserves,
fully aware that this was not
in the best interests of the Band
The Claims
The Chiefs are claiming from
the court a declaration that the
surrender of Indian Reserve was
not legal and therefore “void”
(non-existent): the Reserve land
172 still belongs to the Band.
Alternatively, they claim the equi-
valent in land, hunting, trapping
and mineral rights, damages for
the losses suffered since the sale
and any other damages that the
Court thinks appropriate.
What the Chiefs are also claim-
ing are:
a declaration that the Depart-
ment is at all times a trustee
for the Bands;
a declaration that the Depart-
ment breached this trust;
a declaration that the Depart-
ment committed fraud in exe-
cuting the surrender of Reserve
172;
and a declaration from the
Court that the Department
was negligent in effecting the
sale of IR 172 and in effecting
the purchase of the new
reserves.
This is the essence of the State-
ment of Claim. UBCIC lawyer,
Louise Mandell, can’t give a clear
idea of when it will be heard in
court yet, but warns that it will be
a lengthy process. .
CLAIMS TO RELIEVE
CONDITIONS
The Blueberry and Doig Bands
are demanding a better deal.
The story of mismanagement and
breach of trust on the part of the
Department of Indian Affairs, will
be held out to the public.
The courts may not be able to
answer all the demands of the
people of the Blueberry and Doig
Bands. It will be a long and hard
fight. The principle on which the
Band will argue, will remain strong
and survive the time.
THE SECRETARIAT:
MAKING DIA ACCOUNTABLE
The Secretariat was set up in May this year as a
monthly meeting ground for all the UBCIC port-
folios and the various DIA Departments. It is too
early to say yet how we're doing with the Secre-
tariat: we still have to see how it goes.
The major significance of the last meeting,
September 23rd, was the participation by the Cen-
tral Interior Regional Council. The Council had
been getting nowhere with the District DIA agents
on an issue that they considered pretty basic to
Band Management: and they used this meeting as a
forum to get to the top people in the DIA. The
Council got some satisfaction from this move. If
smaller Bands are not getting anywhere with the
District Agents on any issue, this might be a way of
getting round that obstacle and getting right to the
top. IF THE SMALL BANDS CAN USE THE SEC-
RETARIAT, THEN IT IS IMPORTANT. But if it
is just going to keep UBCIC staff busy and keep us
away from the most important issues, then we are
going to have to re-assess the whole process.
The Central Interior Council presented their
position on DIA Services to Bands. The Lillooet,
Kootenay, South Central and Okanagan Tribal
Councils propose that 62 positions be made avail-
able to provide advisory services to Bands, of
which 11 would be from the Department and the
remainder under the control of the Tribal Councils.
The Director General, Fred Walchli fully endorsed
their paper and pronounced himself ready to negoti-
ate immediately if the people are serious. Vice-
President Saul Terry will be meeting next week with
Walchli to work out an agreement for the implemen-
tation of the Region’s proposal.
The UBCIC had earlier asked for a list of all the
Bands who have got funding for the first three
quarters of the year. The ways that audits are
carried and the ways this affects the Bands have
become aggravating issues. A small query about
something pretty trivial can hold up funding for
some time. We asked the Department what was
happening to the 42 Bands who still have not got
their first quarter’s funds and the DIA has ap-
peared quite unconcerned at the results. Among
other things, these Bands are facing:
High interest rates on the loans for enough
money to tide the Bands over till funds are
released; problems of staff morale when salaries
are held up; and problems with creditors which
can badly affect a Band Council’s financial
reputation.
The present system is demeaning and Bands are
pressing for an alternative. It would obviously be
more efficient for all the work out a plan whereby
each Band could have its audit totally completed
within a certain time, like two weeks.
There is another major issue that we seem to be
fighting on every front: where the DIA and various
Provincial Departments negotiate agreements about
matters that concern us very basically but with no
consultation with us. Our present argument centres
on the fact that the DIA has started negotiations
with the Province for Social Services: for the DIA to
hand over responsibility for Social Services for
Indians to the Province and a large lump sum of
money each year. This is how the Master Tuition
Agreement for Education came about. Health and
Welfare Services are also being negotiated. We are
fighting the Manpower/DIA negotiations over the
Basic Training for Skills Development program. In
each case, our position remains very clear:
NO NEGOTIATIONS SHOULD EVEN BEGIN
WITHOUT INDIAN REPRESENTATION.THIS
IS THE POSITION THAT WE ARE INSISTING
ON THE DIA PRESENTING TO THE PRO-
VINCE.
The UBCIC used the Secretariat as an information
checking forum. Well prepared presentations at this
kind of meeting are powerful: the DIA can’t weasel
out of responsibilities by prtending to have to get
back to research the fact if we have all the facts at
hand. The importance of the meeting for us Is
that the Department has to account for their dollars
and actions to a large number of people.
UBCIE +7:
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
FOR INDIAN PEOPLE
NATIONAL INDIAN BROTHERHOOD MEETS
NINTH ANNUAL
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
A full slate of 68 delegates
attended the Assembly held in
New Brunswick at the end of Au-
gust. B.C. delegates were: George
Manuel, Phillip Paul, Caroline
Wesley, Bill Roberts, John L.
George, Robert Manuel, Ray Jones,
Rose Charlie, Bill Williams, and
Rosalind Leon. Our alternate dele-
‘gates were Tom Sampson, Peter
Prince and Louise Gabriel. Also
in attendance were B.C. Young
Achievers Alfred Adams and
Ramona Louis. Jennifer Dick and
Wayne Haimila attended the Con-
ference as support staff. Caroline
Wesley and Helen Jones attended
as observers from the Indian Home-
makers Association. The fact that
there was a full slate of delegates
from all provinces and Territories,
in spite of the travel problems
created by the Air Canada strike,
is an indication of the strength
and dedication of Indian people.
The commitment of our political
leaders towards the attainment of
control over our affairs was ap-
parent throughout the Assembly.
The Constitution
One of the major issues was
the changes:to the Canadian Con-
stitution. Chiefs decided they
would organize and go to England
to address the Queen next year on
their feelings. The Elders Council
of the NIB will be organizing this.
A working committee was set up
to travel around Canada, collect
the positions developed by the
various Associations, collect the
views of those who haven’t formed
UBCIC 8
Above: Louise Gabriel of B.C. and ,
Ernie Benedict on the NIB Council
of Elders
Right: Noel Starblanket
pictures courtesy of
Native Perspective
any definite stand; and finally
consolidate a position for the .
National Indian Brotherhood. A
second committee was set up to
review the NIB’s own constitution.
Many delegates felt it should be
brought more strongly into line
with the concept of Indian govern-
ment.
Partners in Indian Government
From the point of view of
Indian Government portfolio, this
was an interesting time to work
with the Dene of the Northwest
Territories and the delegates from __
the Federation of Saskatchewan
Indians. Both organizations have
also done considerable work on
the subject of Indian Government,
and together with B.C. delegates
tried to focus the tone of the
Assembly to this. Bobby Manuel
describes how their attitudes re-
flected their position towards the
Constitution discussions:
“We weren’t going to be asking
anyone for aboriginal rights: we
were not going anywhere begging
for anything. We were going to be
putting into place our aboriginal
rights, which cannot be extin-
guished.”
Noel Starblanket Returned As |
President
The annual nominations for
and election of the President and
Vice-President were an important
feature of the Assembly. Noel
Starblanket retained his position
as President, and Dennis Nicholas
was voted back as Vice-President.
An Indian feast was hosted by the
Kingsclear Reserve. The people
there have been experiencing the
same kind of fishing harassment
from Federal Fisheries as we have
in B.C. and our delegates were
pleased to meet and exchange
information and establish contacts
for continuing information ex-
change. Great quantities of lobster,
clams, salmon, bannock and other
good food were served. Following
the feast was a special presentation
made to the Young. Achievers
from across the country. (See
Alfred Adams’ story under ‘Youth
Development”’).
The Theme
The final day was taken up
mainly by the adoption of resolu-
tions and an address by the Mi-
nister of Indian Affairs, Hugh
Faulkner. The speeches made
during the day were almost
totally of one theme: ‘‘Constitu-
tional Rights for Indian People:
Leadership, Unity and Represent-
ativity.”’
MEMBERSHIP: LET
THE BANDS DECIDE
Bands must have the right to determine member-
ship; it is fundamental to our claim to aboriginal
rights. The federal government must no longer
decide who is an Indian.
This is the position of the Chiefs’ Council, the
B.C. Native Women’s Society, and the Indian Home-
makers Association.
This position is neither new nor radical. Tradi-
tionally, Indian governments had the power to con-
trol their membership. In the United States, Indian
tribes have been doing this since at least the /ndian
Reorganization Act of 1934. In Canada, the Union
of B.C. Indian Chiefs, the Manitoba Indian Brother-
hood, and the National Indian Brotherhood have all
publicly said that membership should be left up to
the individual bands.
Bands are best able to decide what should affect
Band membership. The U.B.C.I.C. wants legislative
changes that will return those rights to band councils.
This will help strengthen Indian government and
Indian control of the land. It will also help those
Indian people who have unjustly lost their status by
giving them a chance to reapply to their bands.
It is our position that band councils would not
allow memberships to increase unrealistically and
that our aboriginal rights claims should allow for
sufficient land to meet the needs of all Indian people.
UBCIC 9
DAMNING NEWS
Since 1974 B.C. Hydro has
been working onascheme to divert
up to two-thirds of the flow of the
Kootenay River at Canal Flats into
the headwaters of the Columbia
River. Under the terms of the 1964
Columbia River Treaty with the
U.S., Canada can begin the diver-
sion in September, 1984.
Hydro is proposing to divert
‘the Kootenay into the Columbia
UBCIC 10
to provide more water behind the
Mica and Revelstoke dams, result-
ing in a net increase of 820 million
kilowatt hours of power. The pro-
ject will consist of a small dam
situated West of the highway bridge
Spanning the Kootenay River.
Water from the Kootenay will be
diverted into a canal stretching
about three miles across the sand
flats to enter Columbia Lake just
West of the town of Canal Flats.
‘He ROCKY MOUNTAINS | FROM THE COLUMBIA RIVER LOOKING SW
THE KOOTENAY DIVERSION
Drawn by i. J. Warre.
The projected cost of all this is
$82 million (1976 dollars).
Hydro authorities are predict-
ing that the Kootenay Diversion
will provide one of the cheapest
sources of power in B.C. But while
the cost is appealing, Hydro admits
that “significant”? environmental
problems could result from the
diversion. These problems could
extend all the way from Golden to
the U.S. border, a distance of 200
miles. The negative impacts are
likely to affect the Columbia
Lake and Shuswap Bands to the
North (upstream) and St. Mary’s
and Tobacco Plains Bands to the
South (downstream) from the
project.
Upstream from the point of
the diversion the major problem
would be flooding. There is a
serious threat to the natural habi-
tat of deer, elk, geese, beaver and
other wildlife. Homes, beaches,
railway tracks and marsh lands are
all in danger of being flooded.
[—
FLOGD PROTECTION
AT GOLDEN BY RIVER
CHANNEL ENLARGE-
MENT AND/OR DYKING
POSSIBLE DIVERSION COMPONENTS
-CONTROL STRUCTURE AT
| OUTLET OF WINDERMERE
LAKE TO PREVENT EROSION|->
| AND TO PROVIDE STABIL-
IZED LAKE LEVELS,
-GENERAL FLOOD PRO-
-TECTION AT ATHALMER BY-
RIVER CHANNEL ENLARGE-
MENT AND DYKING
ATHALMER,
INVERMERE fp
WINDERMERE \::
LAKE
TATLEY SLOWGH %
LOWER FAIRMONT 5
Diversion Works
AND CANAL,
COLUMBIA
LAKE
AT Wasa LAKE.
Bummers FLats,
“WATER LEVEL MAINTENANCE
“WATER LEVEL MAINTENANCE
CRANBROOK
Plea CHANNEL MODIFICA-
_—_—$—$$— $$ $<$<$<$<——_
a
>
TIONS OR PROTECTIVE WORKS
TO PREVENT FLOODING.
-GATED CONTROL STRUCTURE
AT OUTLET OF COLUMBIA
LAKE,
-FLOOD PROTECTION AT
LowER FAIRMONT BY A
\ BY-PASS CHANNEL, |
Aj By-Pass CHANNEL AT
TATLEY SLOUGH,
\
8 WASA LAKE
a“
BUMMERS
FLATS
\
Downstream from the diversion,
lower water levels will increase
the level of pollution from indus-
trial and other sources. This
threatens the productivity of
Creston Flats, which are part of
one of the main water-fowl
migration routes in North America.
Also of major concern is the anti-
cipated lowering of the tempera-
ture of the Columbia and Winder-
mere Lakes, which could even
more seriously affect the product-
ivity of the already much depleted
fishing resource. ¥
B.C. Hydro has outlined a two-
Stage process for studying the di-
version project. The first stage en-
vironmental and engineering stu-
dies have now been completed and
the Stage II studies are now under-
way. These studies are expected to
be completed in about 18 months,
at which time a report will go to
B.C. Hydro’s Directors and they
will decide whether to seek a pro-
vincial water licence for the pro-
ject. The Comptroller of Water
Rights can then call public hear-
ings, probably in early 1980.
Unfortunately, no B.C. Hydro
application for water licence has
ever been denied, so we cannot
wait until that stage to oppose the
project.
Despite Hydro’s assurances
that all the necessary protective
measures will be taken, we know
that this is one more project in
which our people will pay the en-
vironmental and social costs. There
- will be no benefits to the Kootenay
people — only more damage to the
resources we depend on.
(Note: A follow-up article will
focus on the opposition to the
roject.
a UBCIC 11
INDIANS AND OIL DON’T MIX
The Northeast
It has been one year since the
Federal Government‘ announced
plans for the construction of the
Alaska Highway Gas Pipeline. Ata
cost of $10.5 billion, the pipeline
would be the largest project in
history and would employ 2500
workers at the peak of its con-
struction. The project was to
begin in 1980 and take 3 years
to complete.
In one year the population of
the northeast has grown as people
come to look for the ‘boom’ and
the jobs that go with it.
“Statistically, each one of the
pipeline jobs will create 4.2 other
jobs — everything from hairstylists
and clothing salesmen to doctors
and bartenders. That is another
6,000 people here. Then the entre-
UBCIC 12
preneurs and speculators (fast
operators and fly-by-nights) come.
But the biggest number of all are
just the curious people who come
to be where the action is, In
Alaska 80,000 Americans were
looking for 2,000 jobs.”
Vancouver Sun
Luckily, the pipeline came as
no surprise to the Slavey, Beaver
and Cree of the northeast. Because
of the energy research done by
UBCIC workers to fight a west
coast oil port, the northeast was
aware that plans for a huge gas
pipeline were in the works. The
Chiefs and band members of th
seven bands of the northeast are
strongly opposed to the building
of the pipeline. They have testified
at National Energy Board hearings,
they have travelled to Ottawa
twice to speak before Committee
and have repeatedly made their
objections known to Westcoast
Transmission, various departments
of the Federal government and the °
public at large.
The Indians of the northeast
live on the other side of the
mountains in what has come to be
known as the Peace River Country.
As such, they have historic and
traditional links with the rolling
hills and plains rather than the
mountains. We thought it import-
ant to give you more information
about the people and the coridi-
tions under which they live so
that we all can understand and
support the struggle of our bro-
thers and sisters against the Alaska
Highway Pipeline.
WESTCOAST PETROLEUM LTD.
PIPELINE Dividon:
DANGER
HIGH
OIL
LINE
THE NORTHEAST: A PROFILE
UBCIC News talked with
Arlene Laboucane, former field-
worker for the UBCIC in the Ft.
St. John District and now the field
coordinator for the Land Use and
Occupancy Study. (See “‘Land Use
Study” this issue.) We asked her
what changes she had seen in the
northeast since oil and gas exploita-
tion was stepped up with the
announcement of Alaska Highway
Gas Pipeline a year ago:
In the town of Ft. St. John
there’s a lot of alcohol, family
problems. There are no houses
to rent. People have to live all
together in one house. Kids
Fieldwork visiting |
get taken away, then they can’t
get them back because of the
crowded conditions in the
home.
The oil companies buy up
the houses for their workers
before they ever move in. In-
dian people don’t have a big
enough income to buy a house.
The price of land has jumped
sky high since the Alaska High-
way Pipeline was announced.
It’s probably jumped 50%
from the price last year.
On the reserves there’s no
extra housing. They haven’t
built new houses for years on
Doig, Blueberry, Prophet River
and Halfway. Moberly Lake
has new housing, some through
CMHC. Ft. Nelson has lots of
new housing.
In town, there’s lots of
Strange people who come up
broke and looking for a job.
Indian people are pretty good
hearted, they’ll take them in
and feed them, drink with them
and shelter them. The hotels
are full. You can’t get rooms.
If you’re lucky you can get a
room in the worst place in
town. . .if you're lucky.
Ques: Has there been more em-
ployment in the past year ?
Th
evs
Basics Manuel ,
be
oe
Answ: We're discriminated in jobs.
We can’t get the big paying
jobs. A lot of people who take
on small contracts for slashing
are fly-by-nights. They hire
Indians to do the work then
take off without paying.
As for jobs for Indians on
the Pipeline, the government is
taking a survey to see how
many people want work on
the pipeline. There’s a lot of
people who won't put them-
selves in that position. If they
compromise and say they'll
take a job then they’re giving
up the fact that they don’t
want a pipeline
a sate
i
Lisa Wolf and the children of Prophet River
UBCIC 13
Elvis Metach
Ques: What’s the major source of
income for the people?
Answ: Family Allowance | would
say. . .and welfare.
The economy of the re-
serves is pretty well trapping
and hunting and a little bit of
farming but they don’t make
any money off of it.
This year they’re having a
lot of trouble getting any
moose. They seem to be quite
scarce. They’ve had to go far-
ther out in the past few years.
And the place they hunted last
year, there’s just not any moose
this year. | think the Halfway
Reserve has only got 2 moose
all summer.
Ques: And trapping?
Answ: There’s still quite a lot of
trapping. There’d probably
s %
Pal
UBCIC 14
“Things have picked up since
they told the Department to
get lost”
“Now the people can get §
' down to see who their real
enemies are.”
be more if they weren’t dis-
couraged by the Department.
When they applied for money
through Special ARDA, the
DIA told them there was no
future in trapping. They were
told they were just Saturday
night trappers, they couldn’t
make any money from it so
they might as well quit.
Ques: Did the DIA give them
any other alternatives?
Answ: Oh yeah — go to school
and learn to be this and that
whether they wanted to be or
not. There’s no economic base
on the reserve so if they wanted
to get a job after they finished
school they’d have to leave the
reserve.
Ques: A lot of things have hap-
pened in the past year to the
people...
Answ: Yeah, you wouldn’t know
it’s the same group of people.
In the last ‘year the people
have changed. They found out
it was the Department that
was screwing them around.
They used to come to the Dis-
trict Council meetings drunk
and there’d be a DIA guy up
there with his flip chart talking
in. great big bureaucratic lan-
guage, nobody could under-
‘i ay.
g
Winter visit to Jack and Janice Eskopi
stand. Things have picked up
since they told the Department
to get lost. Now the people
can get down to see who their
real enemies are. Why the
government wants to keep
them so confined.
Ques: George Manuel has said if
the pipeline goes through, it
will mean the genocide of the
Indians in the northeast.
Answ: | would say that’s true. Be-
tween the Department, the oil
companies, big money, they
don’t have a chance to have a
future. You can see it on the
reserves. There’s a lot of young
guys and no girls. The men
don’t have any wives. They’re
all in town. The white men
have the money so that’s where
the girls head. Pretty soon you
know they’re going down the
road with 2 or 3 little half-
white kids and no husband.
They're on their own. The re-
serves don’t want them back,
so they’re stuck.
Ques: It looks pretty bleak.
Answ: Yeah, but people are talk-
ing for themselves now. Like
the Land Use and Occupancy
Study. The people are glad it’s
getting done their own way
instead of some government
coming in and saying we're
going to study you, they’re
doing it themselves. That’s
important.
A lot more non-Indians are
getting interested in what’s
happening to us. We’ve been
ripped off and ordinary people
who never gave a damn before
are saying: ‘Yes, we agree you
guys have been ripped off.”
We're not going to get ripped
off any more
DEATH MUMMER
Yesterday | walked
by Thundebird park.
Tonight
with blood stained fingers,
| remove my mask,
I think
walk
past garish totem-painted store fronts,
down avenues that echo.
There are no Indians here.
None
even in the million dollar museum
that so carefully preserves
their clothing, their cooking utensils
their food;
for taxpayers
from all over
to rush their children by.
BE ap,
—
Drawing by
Sarain Stump from ‘There is My People Sleeping”
Jeannette Bonneau
There are some good Indians
hanging around Kings Hotel
and they’re dead,
preserved in alcohol.
It would be neater though
to kill them all at once.
Whole clans and tribes
could be dressed and stuffed.
Add a fifth floor to the museum
to accommodate them.
Better yet
pile them up like cordwood
in those longhouses that have stood empty so long.
They would be home at last
and it would be good value.
| walk slowly
and think back.
| stagger under
the raw
hide pack
that I carry,
and the clever mask that | have fashioned
for myself,
from the bones and skin
of my dead tribe
and dipped in the fresh blood
of my brothers;
scooped from old battle streets
near hotels.
UBCIC 15
(
THE AINU:
The Ainu people are the indigenous people of
Japan. For a long time they were not recognised.
There are not many Ainu left now — and their
descendants live mostly on the northernmost
island of Hokkaido. They have only recently begun
to organise. Their purpose in coming to B.C. was
to understand our cultural links, and also to gain
deeper political insights of indigenous concerns.
|
‘ A :
For all the people who have met with them it
has been a deeply moving experience, right from the
official welcome at the airport for our brothers from
the East.
— a7
Self portrait by one of the group
At the Vancouver Indian Centre, after sharing
dances and songs, the Ainu people were presented
with a talking stick. During the next days, they
attended spiritual ceremonies in Chase and Kamloops
and then three days of feasts and celebrations in
Bella Coola.
Photographs by Kare;
UBCIC 16
By now they were beginning to under-
stand the indigenous politics of our country. In
Kispiox, they met the Four Arrows group, from
Central America, for a highly organised cultural and
political program. There was one night when all
three cultural groups danced together. At Terrace
there was a more relaxed meeting with people from
the Native Studies Program at the Northwest College.
* ~ y oF Then it was back to Vancouver to meet again with
the different Portfolios at the UBCIC Office. They
spent time in the Resource Centre finding material
that will be translated once they get home, and
establishing further cultural links. Their final stop
was to Mt. Currie from whence they leave for San
Francisco and home.
afl
£4
Through their interpreters, the Ainu people ex-
pressed great excitement at their establishing links
with us, and it has been a deeply emotional experi-
ence for us too.
(Editor: we will have a more in-depth article
for the next issue.)
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF JAPAN
n Edgar and Darlene Tallio
a
UBCIC TT
PROTECTING
WE CAN’T RELAX YET
The 1978 fishing issues have appeared to die
down. But this summer’s increased impositions and
harassment have told us that the Federal Fisheries
Department are using Indians as scapegoats in their
attempt to enforce their conservation measures. We
certainly cannot relax because the acts and regula-
tions say that food fishing is over in certain areas.
Continuous support must be given to those Indian
Governments (Bands) who are exercising their
rights. Regardless of the slowdown in the Fishery
Officers/Wardens militant monitoring role, we still
face the reality that preparations have begun for
increased enforcement for next season’s major food
fishing.
The Profit Mentality
Now that our winter preserving responsibilities
are near completion there certainly is a lot to think
about in terms of protecting our food, the right to
hunt and fish, and to protect what we have left. If
we allow the governments to succeed in terminating
our right to hunt and fish, we will become further
victims of their demoralizing welfare-oriented system
which totally ignores the fact that our once inde-
pendent nations had an abundance of fish. At the
same time they never admit their mis-management
to satisfy their goal for dollar profits. Sad but true,
FISHING
NATURAL SALMON
a Herman Thomas has joined ete
Fishing Portfolio staff as our fieldworker.
Herman is going through a two week orienta- |
tion period. He will begin his fieldwork in|
October.
His responsibility in the field is to inform |
communities as to what is happening in the
fishery portfolio and to do follow-up in com-
munities when requested. He will also be assisting
in organizing the upcoming provincial Fish
Forum in December. Any communities wishing
to invite Herman or any other fishing portfolio
staff for an update on fishing issues or concerns
you may have, please feel free to call the Union
at B.C. {Indian Chiefs office at 684-0231.
‘,
\
x pone az ~
many of our people have assimilated into the profit: :
mentality of this competitive society. It is important
to know the difference; creating consciousness to
ensure the natural salmon run is very important.
Documentation to Protect the Vatura/ Salmon
We all know that the salmon is the strength of
our people and it can never be a thing of the past.
So it becomes essential to record and practise our
methods of fishing, to record a true account of the
major causes of depletion at all levels, and to plan
and strategize in order to protect everything that we
Stand for. We must inform the public that we are the
victims of an over-exploited fisheries resource caused
by mis-management of the Federal Fisheries Depart-
ment along with the multi-national corporations, the
Big fish companies and their extreme profit-making
attitude. We are victims because we are blamed for
the depletion of the salmon. Research, documenta-
tion, and solid data is required at Band, district and
the provincial levels to build solid evidence to pro-
tect what we have left through a collective effort
and a common front at all levels.
December Fish Forum
In order to assist the Bands who require assist-
ance we are holding a province-wide fish forum in
mid-December, in Vancouver. We encourage those
Bands who are organized to offer their assistance in
discussion, strategy, and planning.
LOCAL SERVICES AGREEMENT:
INSULT TO INDIAN GOVERMENT
In our last issue of the UBCIC
News, we presented to you the in-
formation we had at that time
about the Local Services Agree-
ment.
Co-Management Enforced
We have learned from the many
Bands that have contacted our
offices that the ‘“‘Contract’’ is al-
ready being enforced. Many Bands
are subjected to Co-Management
of programs without any other
alternative to our Bands for how
to solve their problems. While this
is happening, there is no recourse
to a dispute process or arbitration.
D.1.A. is conveniently not offering
those parts of their proposal (Co-
management means D.|.A. trains
Band Staff to run programs accord-
ing to their Rules, or the Terms
and Conditions in their Draft; plus
they co-sign cheques).
The Terms and Conditions of
D.1.A.’s draft are being forced on
Bands now, at a time when Bands
are trying to believe “‘negotiations”
are possible and that they may
write counter-proposals. It is very
hard to believe that any change is
possible if D.I.A. is imposing their
rules on our Bands.
A Hodge-Podge
In our information meetings
with district and region D.1.A. staff
we have found out more and more
about information that D.I.A. has
neither supplied to our Bands or
to our offices in Vancouver. Mr.
Sparkes, representing the Regional
Director-General in these meetings
(and one of the authors of D.1.A.’s
draft agreement) has thrown in
such a hodge-podge of rules that
he had complicated what was
meant to be a simple document
and created something entirely
outside the scope of what Ottawa
intended. None of us had seen the
other Acts and regulations that he’s
made part and parcel of this agree-
ment. Now we have only three
months (maybe six) to study, draft
counter-proposals, hold a General
Band Meeting and get a resolution,
negotiate and sign some agreement
or our funds will be cut off; and
we don’t have all the information
yet.
4 _
PHILIP PAUL at Southern Van-
couver Island District Council.
“Just at a time when Indian
| Chiefs in B.C. have declared the
| direction they are working to-
wards, the Department decided
to interfere. It’s no coincidence
that the DIA comes out with a
document like this now, when
the very essence of this docu-
ment would make it impossible
for our Indian Governments to
assume the authority and con-
| trol necessary for the self-deter-
mination of the Indian people.”
Ke
District Managers Involved in
Writing Draft
It leads us to wonder: who
wrote this thing? And who is de-
manding all this? In Regional
D.I.A. offices, David Sparkes, in
charge of Local Government, and
Dennis Novak from the Legal
Section of D.I.A. did the first
drafts apparently. Since last fall to
- this summer they worked with
District Managers and Staff and
wrote half a dozen more drafts
that led to the D.I.A.’s draft agree-
ment.
Undermining
Indian Government
What we are now faced with
are rules for our political decision-
makers, and controls over our Band
Employees, who, under this Agree-
ment would become an extension
of D.I.A.’s bureaucracy. Only
within the framework of the agree-
ment would they be responsible to
our Indian Governments. There’s
no separation seen in the D.I.A.
draft between politics and ad-
ministration: so in the name of
consultation (the first line in the
Agreement AND Treasury Board
Minutes) we have a document
facing us that reveals the D.I.A.’s
goals of undermining our Indian |
Governments, and controlling our
whole communities.
Under the principle of con-
sultation we have a document
shoved at us, and we have all
approved programs consolidated
without our involvement.
We had to scurry around to
get a copy of the Treasury Board
Minutes — it says ‘“‘a major conse-
quence of this program will be the
enhancement of local leadership”’.
Mr. Sparkes wrote a draft agree-
ment that does not say the same
thing as Ottawa.
They Just Asked for Proper
Accounting. . .
It would be wrong to end this
article without stating that this
agreement was intended solely
for financial accounting to the
Auditor-General. It’s gone a long
way afield on its way to our Bands.
The real principle involved is
total control. The Department is
trying to formally make Band
Councils an extension of the
D.1.A., which is completely against
our goal of Indian Government.
(See also page 21)
UBCIC 19
“One race cannot absorb another without
severe consequences.”
a :
. ee re eS
“Outreach”: an alternative school for
Indian high school students in Vancouver
The UBCIC Education Portfolio has been meeting
with Resource people to do research on Assimilation.
What is Assimilation? Assimilation is hard to
define. The dictionary says that it means “to absorb”
or ‘make the same.” Every culture has traditions,
customs, ways of doing things. The Indian culture
has these traditions which are very different from
the White (European) culture. Through Assimilation
the Indian culture is undercut. Indians become “like”
white people, looking through white people’s eyes.
It is very interesting to look back in history and
gather evidence of Assimilation such as these words
spoken by Sir John A. Macdonald in 1880:
a
i,
ASSIMILATIO
“We are bound to protect them — the general
rule is that you cannot make the Indian a White
man — all we can hope for is to wean them by
slow degrees from the nomadic habits, which
have almost become an instinct, and by slow
degrees absorb them or settle them into lands.”
It is the opinion of the Education Portfolio that
Assimilation has everything to do with the problems
Indian people have had throughout history. One
race cannot absorb another without severe conse-
quences.
Evidence to Document
We are looking forward to the volume of research
to be done and will welcome any help all Indian
people can give us at the community levels to docu-
ment evidence of Assimilation. Fieldworkers will
visit various communities to talk to Indian people of
all ages and find out what Assimilation means to
Indian people, how it has occurred, what the effects
of it are, and what should be done about it.
DESPITE: — all the Royal Proclamations ever made
— all the Acts by Parliament ever made
— all the Policies by Governments ever
made
—all the Agreements by Government
ever made
Indian people have survived. This is a Noble Achieve-
ment. The best of the past has been handed on —
let’s write it down. /
Children with elder at Bonaparte
PRESIDENT'S
NOTE ON
THE LSA
There are three District Coun-
cils in B.C. that have been under
significantly greater pressure to
sign the Memorandum of Agree-
ment for Local Services. They are
the Lakes, Fraser East and Fraser
West Districts. Other
in B.C. have been relatively quiet.
It appears that a precedent is
being sought for the rest of the
province to follow: a pattern of
signing the Department’s proposed
Contract, then the rest should fall
in line.
On behalf of our Districts that
have been working hard on under-
standing this Agreement and need
the necessary back-up resources to
do this, we have assigned some of
our staff from our Provincial Band
office in Vancouver to do support
work. We have made numerous
representations on behalf of our
members, to the Regional office,
to assist our Member Bands.
We have been discussing Indian
Government as political leaders
here in B.C. since the turn of the
century. The leaders now have
simply coined the phrase ‘‘Indian
Government” (that wording incor-
porates Land Claims, Aboriginal
Rights, self-determination and
sovereignty). Many of us have had
the opportunity to measure our
past, present, and future course in
light of the legal and political juris-
diction we need as Indian people.
We know that, right now, we have
little power. We know that we
must change this. This Agreement
represents what we have to face,
and is an opportunity to work to-
gether right now to increase the
decision-making powers of our
Band Councils.
| invite you all to take this
Agreement seriously, in light of
Indian Government, which is cen-
tral to Land Claims or our Abori-
ginal Rights and decide where we
are going. . .together.
A REPORT
Districts ]
When you go to a doctor you
expect proper examination, right
diasnoses, and proper treatment
and you expect it promptly. You
don’t expect to wait for a “‘reason-
able time’. John L’Hirondelle
received less than prompt atten-
tion. The disease that killed him
was not diagnosed at all.
On December 17, 1976, 19-
year-old John L’Hirondelle was
picked up by the RCMP and taken
tp Prince George Hospital’s psy-
chiatric ward. They said he was
acting strangely. Tests were run
and medications were given, but*
John L’Hirondelle’s condition
worsened. On February 1, 1977,
he was transferred to Riverview
Hospital in New Westminster. 13
hours later, in seclusion, he died
from pulmonary haemorrhages,
caused by viral pneumonia.
On June 1, 1977 an inquest
was held, but was quickly post-
poned because the coroner felt he
could not properly continue with-
out further documents from the
hospital in Prince George. More
than a year later — 20 months after
John L’Hirondelle’s death, to be
exact — the second and final in-
quest found his death to be from
natural causes and found Riverview
hospital not negligent in their
treatment or care.
The normal procedure when
a new patient arrives at River-
view is to give a thorough mental
and physical examination. The
physical exam is supposed to
include urine and blood tests, as
well as a mandatory chest x-ray
in the case of either an elderly
patient, or one who has a history
of TB. John L’Hirondelle was
given a 15 minute physical, with-
out the x-ray, even though ac-
companying medical records
(from Edmonton) showed he was
once treated for TB. Had they
x-rayed his chest, it might have.
ON AN INQUEST
revealed signs of the viral pneu-
monia that later killed him.
According to the pathologist
who testified at the inquest,
viral pneumonia seldom kills an
otherwise healthy person.
The delay in holding the second
inquest was attributed to the fail-
ure of the Prince George Hospital
to forward the requested docu-
ments to the Coroner’s office for a
full year after they were asked for.
Why was John L’Hirondelle
taken from the open ward and put
into seclusion, without first being
examined by a doctor, even though
there is a rule at the hospital that
explicitly states that a patient
must be so examined before he is
placed in seclusion?
Had he been examined pro-
perly, John L’Hirondelle might
still be alive: a specialist in respira-
tory diseases says that a person
who is close to death from viral
pneumonia will show obvious
symptoms of distress, such as
laboured breathing and bluish lips,
several hours before death occurs.
Inquests into the deaths of
Indians all too frequently rule that
no one is to blame. At John L’Hir-
ondelle’s inquest there were allega-
tions that he was a glue-sniffer and
a drug addict, even though there
was no evidence of either found
by the autopsy. The failure to
contact John L’Hirondelle’s family
while he was still alive and in cus-
tody was passed off with the ex-
cuse that he came from a broken
home. In fact the attitude at this
inquest seemed to be that John
L’Hirondelle’s life wasn’t worth
very much anyway, so why get
upset at his death or the conditions
and events that led up to it.
by Loretta Todd
UBCIC 21
In a Tsimshian village lived a couple and their —
beautiful daughter. All the best hunters wanted to
marry her, but she rejected all of them. She wanted
Sun for her husband.
One day she went to a spirit dwelling-place
where Sun fulfilled her wish. She gave birth to his
son, To’ta, who grew quickly and began to talk
when he was two days old. He told his mother he
wanted to meet his grandparents who lived in the
world below. Since he couldn’t go right away he
started to cry which made his mother cry too.
Sun didn’t like to get wet. He said to his wife
and son, “Dry your eyes. I’ll let you visit your par-
ents.” He aimed one of his rays at his wife’s house
and they slid to earth.
Her parents were glad to see them. After To’ta
went out to play. The village children asked him
who hunted for him and his mother. Since he didn’t
know what to say, they made fun of him. This
made To’ta angry. He made a ladder by firing an
arrow into the sky, then another into the end of the
first, and so on until he could climb up it. Back in
his father’s house he demanded revenge. But Sun
was in a good mood that day and wouldn’t listen.
To’ta realized he wasn’t going to get anywhere, so
instead he asked his father’s permission to carry the
torches that light the world. Sun agreed. He told
To’ta that in the morning and night the little torches
were used — the big ones were only for the after-
noon. To’ta promised to be careful, but instead lit
all the torches at once. The world became very hot.
Fire set the forests ablaze and the lakes boiling.
UBCIC 22
A divine presence that watched over people
threw a cloud cover over them, but the animals had
to find their own shelter. The ermine chose a hole
that was too small; the end of his tail stuck out and
was burned and has been black ever since. The
mountain goat buried herself in a cave so deep that
she came out all white. The other animals turned
different shades of dark or light depending on how
long it took them to find cover.
To put out the fire, Sun ordered the waters to
cover the world. Only the mountain peaks were left
dry. The survivors tied their canoes to them and
took refuge along with the animals. Later, Sun told
the waters to recede and declared that this would be
the last flood — the world would be green and
happy from then on. He summoned the animals and
gave them their roles, right down to Mosquito,
whose job was to fight ideleness by keeping busy
those who had nothing better to do,
When the Sun found out what his son did, he
was angry. He berated him and said, “I’m going to
change you into a mink, and those you nearly
destroyed will hunt you down.”
LAND USE
AND OCCUPANCY STUDY
THE ALASKA HIGHWAY PIPELINE
HOW WILL IT AFFECT OUR WAY OF LIFE?
Early this year the U.B.C.I.C. applied to the
federal government for money to do studies that
will help us find out more about the effects the
pipeline will have on our communities. The Land
Use and Occupancy study money came through
during the summer. In July and August fieldworkers
visited all the Bands in the Northeast to discuss the
general plan of the study and to obtain the back-
ground information about each of the Band’s hunting
and trapping grounds to help us plan the land-use
part of the study. At the same time we discussed the
concerns of each of the communities over the pipe-
line and other developments in the Northeast.
The Land-Use Study
To understand the effects of a major “‘develop-
ment” project, we first need to know a lot about the
land and way of life before the project takes place.
For example, to know what the dangers are to the
environment, you need to know about the land and
its animals and plants before the project.
We need to know how the Bands have used the
land for hunting, fishing, and trapping in the past,
and how they are still using it today, and what the
land means to the communities.
We will be asking members of each of the
Bands’ families to draw on maps areas where they
have hunted, fished, and trapped, collected berries,
etc. in the past and where they do this kind of
harvesting today. These map biographies or family
land-use histories will be done by Band members.
Each of the Bands are selecting their own mapper-
interviewers, who will be trained to do the study.
After the map biographies are completed, they will
be put together to form a picture which will show
how the communities used the land in the past and
the present. The final maps will be brought back to
the communities for checking and corrections.
Major studies of this kind have been done by
Indian and Inuit groups in the North-West Territories
and Labrador and some studies of this kind have
also been done by Saskatchewan Indians, Ontario
Indians, and Quebec Cree. To our knowledge this
is the first time it is being done in B.C. Besides
providing us with a basis for understanding the
dangers of the pipeline, this kind of study will pro-
vide the communities with an historical and cultural
record of their own way of life.
UBCIC 23
~
Special ARDA
During the last month, UBCIC
fieldworker Irvine Harry has been
visiting different communities talk-
ing to Band Councils about the
funding possibilities of the Special
ARDA program.
The Special ARDA program
sponsored by the Federal and Pro-
vincial governments in May 1977
is intended to provide Indians in
rural areas of B.C. with new and
better opportunities to improve
their economic circumstances.
Grants are provided for differ-
ent projects such as:
1. Commercial projects: establish-
ing a business providing goods
or services that will generate
enough money to pay creditors
and employees and still make
a profit.
2. Primary producing projects:
harvesting the natural resources
ie. fish, fur, forests and the de-
velopment of land for agricul-
ture.
a) Fishing — Under certain
circumstances —_ proposals
for the rearing of fish in
non-tidal waters can be
funded. Also the purchase
of equipment for inland
UBCIC 24
fishing can be funded up
to 100%. .
b) Trapping — In rural areas,
Indians with registered
traplines may get together
for assistance to purchase
humane traps, tools and
equipment and in some
cases snowmobiles. They
can receive up to 100% of
reasonable costs.
c) Forests — Projects for the
improvement of timber
stands by thinning or trim-
ming. Christmas tree farms,
and, in some cases, access
roads will be considered.
These projects may be
funded up to 100%.
Training under Special ARDA
is intended to complement
existing programs run by other
agencies. Special ARDA pro-
vides a co-ordinating function.
a) Relocation: Assistance —
A>plicants can either be
employers in rural areas
providing permanent em-
ployment, or qualified
native persons who have
bona fide jobs in rural areas
b) Management Training —
Where a project is owned
by a group or community,
assistance may be available
for hiring a manager-trainer
bona
bona fide jobs in rural areas
b) Management Training —
Where a project is owned
by a group or community,
assistance may be available
for hiring a manager-trainer
for a limited time to pro-
vide competent, initial
management and enable
Indian trainees to get on-
the-job experience.
c) Individual Training Services
— In cases where an indivi-
dual may have a good,
sound proposal but may
lack the necessary expertise
and skills to ensure the
success of a project.
d) Buildings and Facilities —
Facilities needed for coun-
‘selling and training.
4. Remote Rural Communities
can receive Special ARDA
funding for different types of
projects to improve their eco-
nomic circumstances. These
communities can apply for
assistance for projects such as
improvement to roads, bridges,
water transport or air strips,
electrification, TV and FM
repeater stations, and com-
munity recreational facilities.
The applicants must provide
enough information to explain the
project and justify the amount of
assistance requested; to establish
that the project will be managed
properly; to determine that they
will be able to provide a certain
amount of equity to the project.
Applications are reviewed by
the Special ARDA Committee
made up of representatives of
Indian and native associations and
representatives of the federal and
provincial governments.
Further information and appli-
cation forms are available from
Irvine who will be back here by
1st October.
DOWN ON THE FARM
NEW AGRICULTURE CORPORATION FORMED
The Western Indian Agriculture Corporation
(W.I1.A.C.) has been incorporated and will begin
operation in early October.
The objectives of the new company are:
1. To promote development of the agricultural
potential of the reserves of B.C.
2. To provide quality agricultural extension
service to Indian farmers.
3. To organize and carry out training programs
for Indian farmers and would-be farmers.
4. To provide a forum and a voice for the con-
cerns and aspirations of bands and indivi-
duals working in the agriculture field.
W.I.A.C. is a federally-incorporated company
with the shares owned by the Union of B.C. Indian
Chiefs on behalf of the bands of B.C. The Board of
Directors of the new company will be made up of
Indian farmers from around the province.
Initial funding for the operation of W.I.A.C.
includes a $60,000 grant received from the Ottawa
budget of the Department of Indian Affairs. The
corporation will operate out of the Union offices
for the first six months until it is well established.
The corporation represents the results of several
=
years of hard work by the Agriculture Committee
of the Union under the chairmanship of Chief Bob
Pasco from Ashcroft.
An initial submission to the Treasury Board for
an $18.7 million 5 year program was declined in
April of this year. The Committee then revised
their program and the corporation will now operate
on a small scale for the first year and a half.
Work will concentrate on providing training
and extension services to agriculture projects. The
corporation will coordinate educational and funding
currently available from several government depart-
ments. The corporation will not have loan or grant
funding to provide to projects during the start-up
phase. However another attempt will be made to
obtain this kind of funding from the government.
A great need exists for agriculture development
in B.C. 28% of all B.C. is reserve land, or 230,000
acres is classified as agricultural land. On the other
hand, statistics show 30.8% of the on-reserve
population was dependent on social assistance in |
1977/78. Over 40% of these payments were made
for economic reasons. Land is the main resource
we have to develop economic self-sufficiency. This
resource can only be developed to its full potential
through this Indian-controlled and managed
corporation.
There are job openings available with the
corporation. (see page 31)
~'UBCIC 25
. The UBCIC Resource Centre began operations in
December 1977. At that time Keltie McCall, formerly
with the Library at the National Indian Brotherhood
office in Ottawa, moved to British Columbia to set
up the library at the Union. Reg Percival, a Nishga
Indian from New Aiyansh, has joined the Resource
Centre and is now training as a Library Technician
at Vancouver Community College, Langara. During
the past summer Anita Penner of Vancouver cata-
logued, on contract, many of the Resource Centre’s
books. Gene Joseph, a Carrier Indian from New
Hazelton has recently joined the staff. In May, 1978
she graduated from the University of British Colum-
bia with a B.A. in history.
Resource Centre Contents
The Resource Centre’s holdings consist of ma-
terial from the UBCIC’s old Land Claims office in
Victoria which closed down in 1975 with the rejec-
tion of funding; and new material purchased within
the last year. As a result the Resource Centre collec-
_ tion now contains:
— PUBLISHED AND UNPUBLISHED BOOKS
— BRIEFS
— REPORTS
— PAPERS
— THESES
— PHOTOGRAPHS
— NEWS CLIPPINGS
— MICROFILMS
— MAPS
Kootenay Indians, St. Eugene Village, c. 1899
UBCIC 26
Silver napkin ring with beaver face made by
a Haida — probably Charles Edenshaw —
about 1880-1885 for Sir John A. Macdonald.
From: The Beaver, Sept. 1941, p. 18.
The above material covers a large variety of
topics relevant to the Indian people of British Co-
lumbia. This includes: Indian education, housing,
economic development, aboriginal rights, land claims,
government relations, communications, the environ-
ment, criminal justice, B.C. Indian history and the
cultures. In future articles we will describe the con-
tents and topics covered by the Resource Centre in
more detail.
Photograph Collection
We have a large selection of pictures from the
National Archives in Ottawa and from the Provincial
Museum in Victoria. These photographs cover dif-
ferent aspects of Indian life in the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries. We will try to publish
one or two photographs from the collection each
month. As many of these pictures do not contain an
exact description, i.e. names of places and people,
we would greatly appreciate help in identifying the
people and the location in the pictures. Also if you
would like a topic more thoroughly covered in the
pictures, please write to us. Your suggestions wil: oe
very welcome.
BOOK REVIEW
THE HAIDA INDIANS by J.H. van den Brink
(Cultural Change mainly between 1876-1970)
published by E.J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands
A very good book: informative and easy-reading.
It describes the Haida society from the first European
contact up to the 1970’s. Van den Brink uses many
comparisons — in one he compared the Haida
Warriors to the Vikings because the Haidas had been
dominant and aggressive warriors in early history.
Throughout the book he also compared Skidegate
with Masset. Both are cities of the Archipelago of
the Queen Charlotte Islands.
He made many observations by using compari-
sons in the progress made by both towns, by the
influences of religion, local government, ‘‘outside”’
contact, and education. He made a simple statement
of one of the characteristics which, | feel, is familiar
to all — when he mentioned the fact that “jealousy”
prevented many from getting additional education
or getting ahead financially or otherwise, because
they didn’t want to lose friends or didn’t receive
moral support. | am sure that we have ALL experi-
enced that at one time or some way. If we are to
achieve any harmony or unity, we must first over-
come this.
In brother and sisterhood,
Dinah
P.S. | am sorry for this brief book review, but | had
a slight accident.Please accept my profuse apology
you'll just have to read the book for informative and
enjoyable reading.
=< =
Resource Centre continued
The main purpose of the Resource Centre is to
bring up-to-date information to YOU, the Indian
people of B.C. as well as the UBCIC staff and bands.
Researchers, students, teachers and members of the
general public are also welcome to come and use the
Resource Centre. For more information please call
us at 684-0231 or wrice to:
RESOURCE CENTRE
UNION OF B.C. INDIAN CHIEFS
3rd Floor — 440 West Hastings
Vancouver, B.C. V6B 1L1
it would also be very helpful if before a visit you
could phone and tell us of your interests so that we
can prepare material for you.
Visiting Vancouver?
Drop in and visit your Resource Centre. To
make the visit more interesting we are showing
movies every Friday afternoon. The films are general-
ly about the Indian people of B.C. and Canada, the
indigenous people of other countries and topics
which concern us all.
UBCIC 27
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
N.1.B. GENERAL ASSEMBLY
AUGUST 1978
Alfred was selected by the N.I.B. as one of the Young Achievers for B.C. He went to the N.I.B. General
Assembly to collect his award.
We had a pleasant trip to Fredericton. We arrived
at 9:30 in the evening.
The first thing they did on Tuesday morning was
have Sunrise Ceremonies which started at 7:00 and
lasted until 9:00. The Ceremony was to pray for the
people that came from far off places, people that
haven't been born yet and to thank the great spirit
for making the meeting possible.
They had an opening ceremony for the meeting:
3 Saskatchewan singers and drummers and two per-
sons carrying the Canadian and Provincial flags.
The meeting started with the introduction of the
provinces. They went through the adoption of the
agenda and the minutes of the previous meeting.
The main topic for the day was a discussion of the
Constitution; they talked about how the changes
would affect the people, they looked at the other
countries that have recently pulled out of the
Commonwealth. They looked at them because the
people who originally ran those countries were able
to run them again after leaving the Commonwealth.
If they did change the constitution, it could take
away a lot more of the native peoples rights. In fact,
we could almost be left out.
B.C. made a resolution that they make a com-
mittee to review and revise the Constitution and it
was Carried.
One delegate or more from each Province ex-
pressed what they thought about the constitution.
All the nominees gave their nomination speech
for the positions of President and Vice-president.
After the meeting the Kingsclear Reserve put a
lobster dinner on for the general assembly: they fed
over one thousand people.
After eating, all the Young Achievers got a gift
and a certificate saying that we were young achievers.
The second day started off with the election. We
had to go to a press conference. The National Indian
Brotherhood (N.I.B.) put on a banquet and the
president of each province was presented with a
scroll saying they were part of the N.I.B. After the
banquet they put on a dance which everyone enjoyed.
The last day we had a meeting to talk about
Starting a young N.I.B. From there we went to a
luncheon with two staff members from Native
employment; one was from Ontario and the other
one was from New Brunswick. After that we went
back to the meeting. They were talking with Mr. H.
Faulkner, Federal Minister of Indian Affairs from
New Brunswick
After that meeting, St. Maries Indian reserve
put on a dinner and a dance to end the three day
general assembly.
| really erijoyed myself over there, | enjoyed
the people over there, they have a really fine sense
of humour. Their hospitality is very nice.
| would like some day to attend another one of
the general assemblies.
Alfred Adams
Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands
/
| war E
ia i or aaa Mee enmeeend Whom it ma y.. COR CEM Rem. nemo age et LS
| Hmmm... ; That despite my un- ell, remember Tat
OM I still think the What idea is that ae i cea aml didn't Fat
idea i$ absurd. Blueberry 2 as te b lueberry 14 sam ly jump fer Jou
Pet itd either. s
g oa a. be a ey
when we marry.
Ze
by Lule Wilson
UBCIC 28
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
Last month, we published the runner-up for the essay contest. Now, here is the prize-winning essay, written by
Janice Peters, aged 15, from Haney.
| am writing to discuss the Na-
tive tradition in school. | gotoa
medium sized school in Haney,
“Garibaldi Secondary.” Well for
the past year I’ve noticed that in
this school of eight hundred stu-
dents there are only eight Indians,
which is rather odd.
Nowadays all we are taught in
school is the white man’s ways.
| don’t exactly have anything
against white people, but it seems
that everything they do costs mon-
ey, and money is rather hard to
come by these days.
When you try to ask them
about putting in a few lessons on
living natural, just as Natives did,
they tell you, “‘there’s no time.”
| think that every school should
have classes, whereas the young
natives can learn the way their el-
ders did, even if it means hiring
more staff.
We shouldn’t have to learn to
speak french or spanish, because we
have our own language and we
should be taught it.
We shouldn’t have to learn all
about Japan and other countries
because none of us are fortunate
enough to get there.
| think we should be taught to
‘have more respect for others. Be-
cause in my school all the students
talk about their parents, calling
them names etc.... | think everyone
should be taught as Natives are,
because we seem to have more
knowledge, and know how.
As you might have noticed by
now, I’m kind of getting all mixed
up in what I’m writing about.
But, there are so many things
wrong with this woi.d, it’s unbe-
lievable.
Prices are all gone up so high,
and everything is all gone crazy.
That’s because we have a money
hungry government.
What we all need is a different
way of learning, especially in the
schools. We need a different set of
rules, whereas not everything is
done the white man’s way.
We need new leaders to teach
everyone that respect for another
is important.
We go to the long house each
Winter everyone there is nice and
hospitable, and they all have re-
spect for each other. No one drinks
and it’s so neat because then there
is no trouble. Everyone should be
taught the way those people were.
That way there wouldn’t be so
much trouble in this society.
Now I don’t know where | am
because there are so many things
that are wrong today.
Right now, I’m only fifteen,
but I surely hope that by the time
I’m twenty, everything will be
changed, jin schools, in government
and in people.
i]
hy
saa MTSE |
Nita is yn Nh Ni
| hope prices will drop and
more respect is taught in the
schools.
This world is too small for any
more of the white man’s buildings
or bright ideas. Nature is getting
too scarce for them to be cutting
down all of God’s gifts to the world.
This place is such a mess it’s
time for a change. | hope this essay
can be understood, because it’s
taken me a long time to get enough
courage to actually say what’s
wrong with this place.
There is so much more to say,
but it would take so long, so | guess
Il just quite right here and hope
that the best of everything turns
out in the future years to come,
and | hope that some day when
they re-elect the government that
there is a few Natives on board that
ship so we then can have a few
changes.
“a F I'
file ay Hie i rics 7
oft wi
Hoye
a
Fi |] a
ri Uf,
Mn Whe Prep
UBCIC 29
Dear Editor,
Could you kindly include this bulletin in your
next newsletter? This will be greatly appreciated by
the Inmates and myself
Thank you and keep up the good work.
WE NEED YOUR HELP!! PARTICA-PRISON
My position and experience as a Prison Liaison
Worker for the Native Courtworkers and Counselling
Association on Vancouver Island has given me a
deeper insight as to the problems of our Native
people in the Correctional Institutes.
| work mainly with William Head and Wilkinson
Institutes, as well as several Correctional Camps.
Both Institutes have a Native Brotherhood Club.
The purposes of these clubs are for socializing and
maintaining contact with the outside. However, there
is very little involvement from the outside, which, of
course makes it difficult to advance and continue
these clubs. Because the Inmates will eventually
return to your community it naturally becomes
obvious that the community have input and partici-
pation within these clubs. Also, your involvement
will help to ease the restrictions and mental pressures
within the Institutes. It is our moral duty to help
and assist our people within the Institutions. We
cannot afford to block our Native Inmates out of
our main stream of life. Attend the meetings and get
to know and understand their position. Partica-
- Prison!!
NATIVE COURTWORKER & COUNSELLING
ASSOCIATION OF B.C.
ls accepting applications for the position of
SUPERVISOR
Job location: Greater Vancouver Area
Duties: To supervise and evaluate the work of the
Native Courtworkers in the Vancouver region.
To develop training programs and workshops
for the Courtworkers in the region.
To be involved in the recruiting and hiring of
new Courtworkers as the need arises.
To establish good working relations between
the Native Indian community and the Justice
system.
‘Qualifications: The person selected should have an
extensive background in working with Native
Indian people. They should have a first-hand
UBCIC 30
LETTERS TO
THE EDITOR
William Head meetings are every Monday, 7:30-
9:30: Wilkinson Institute meetings are every Wednes-
day 7:30-9:30.
For more information please contact: ©
Alex Nelson at 727G Johnson Street, Victoria.
Phone 386-8768. Drop in for coffee.
Alex Nelson
Prison Liaison Worker
SET OF FISHING BULLETINS,
We have now published 4 bulletins covering the
summer food fishing crises. These will be available as
a set for $1.00 to help us cover costs. Write early for
Christmas!
knowledge of the values and life styles of
Native Indians. They should be completely
familiar with the structure of the Justice system
and be aware of the role of Courtworkers in that
system. They must be able to articulate the
position of Native people coming into conflict
with the law. :
Demonstrated ability in report writing would
be an asset.
Salary: $16,000 — $16,980 per annum
Closing Date: October 10, 1978
Submit written resumes to:
Chief Administrative Officer
NATIVE COURTWORKER & COUNSELLING
ASSOCIATION OF B.C.
319 - 193 East Hastings Street
Vancouver,B.C. V6A1N7
HELP WANTED
Western Indian Agricultural Corporation
The western Indian Agricultural Corporation is a federal corporation with the shares owned by the
Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs. The objective of the corporation is to promote greater development of Indian
agriculture in British Columbia, both on and off reserve.
The corporation will commence activities in early October. Several positions are open for which applica-
tions are invited. Closing date for applications is 4 October, 1978.
PROJECT MANAGER TRAINING CO-ORDINATOR
Responsibilities Responsibilities
1. Responsible to the Corporation Directors
for the overall operation of the B.C.
Indian Agriculture Corporation.
2. Directs and co-ordinates the staff of the
corporation on the execution of their
duties.
3. Negotiates with external organizations
(both government and private) for pro-
vision of advisory and funding assistance.
4. Maintains overall responsibility for the
financial affairs of the corporation with
particular emphasis on budget control.
5. Co-ordinates the activities of the Corpo-
ration with those of the Union of B.C.
Indian Chiefs to ensure compatibility
with the objectives of the Indian bands
of B.C,
Qualifications
Thorough knowledge and proven ability
ine the field of economic development.
Understanding and appreciation of the
development aspirations of Indian people in
B.C. Several years of management experience
in the agricultural sector. Good understanding
of financial control and methods of fund
raising.
Salary range — negotiable
1. Responsible to the Project Director for
all training activities of the corporation.
2. Develops and implements a training stra-
tegy for the province which will provide
the comprehensive training support
Indian farmers need to develop the agri-
culture potential of B.C. reserves.
3. Organizes training seminars and courses
on all aspects of farm and ranch manage-
ment in consultation witn bands and
individual farmers.
4. Co-ordinates the training services whicn
are available from provincial Ministries
of Agriculture and Education as well as
the federal Departments of Agriculture,
Employment and Immigration, and
Indian Affairs.
Qualifications
Several years of experience with the
practical side of education with special em-
phasis on agricultural extension and training
programs. A good understanding of the prac-
tical problems faced by Indian farmers.
Because of the wide range of projects with
which the corporation will become involved,
the successful applicant must be highly
adaptable and flexible in his approach.
Salary range — negotiable
AGRICULTURAL FIELDWORKERS
4 POSITIONS
Responsibilities
1. Co-ordinates the services available througn
the Corporation and government depart-
ments to provide maximum benefit to
individual projects.
2. Assist projects with specific needs or
probl:ms which may arise.
3. Arrange for professional assistance for
projects.
4. Maintain on-going contact with projects
on behalf of the corporation.
Qualifications
Individuals with agricultural training and
farming/ranching experience are invited to
apply for these positions. Tne ability to assist
farmers, and would-be farmers with practical
day-to-day problems is the most important
qualification.
Salary range — $14-16,000
Individuals with an agricultural background and
experience with Economic Development are invited
to send applications to: Chief Bob Pasco
Box 283
Ashcroft, B.C. VOK 1A0
UBCIC 31
The UBCIC NEWS is the monthly publication of the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs.
With effect from September 1, 1978, subscription rates are as follows:
Institutions and organisations: $12.00 per year
Individuals $8.00 per year
The Communications Portfolio also publishes Special Reports and Bulletins dealing with individual
issues as these become necessary. They will be sent to you as part of your subscription.
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Part of UBCIC News - volume 1, number 5 (September 1978)